Studi Pengaruh Metode L-AD dan SS-AD terhadap Produksi Biogas dari Limbah Sekam Padi

Abstrak – Proses biogas anaerobic digestion berdasarkan total padatannya terbagi menjadi 2 yaitu Liquid Anaerobic Digestion (L-AD) umumnya terjadi pada kondisi dengan konsentrasi solid antara 0,5% dan 15%. Sebaliknya, Solid State Anaerobic Digestion (SS-AD) terjadi pada konsentrasi padat lebih tinggi dari 15%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh produksi yield biogas dari limbah sekam padi dalam kondisi L-AD dan SS-AD. Variabel yang diamati dalam pengamatan yaitu yield biogas kumulatif. Skala laboratorium dari pencernaan anaerobik digunakan dalam penelitian ini dan dioperasikan dalam sistem batch pada suhu kamar. Rasio C/N yang ditetapkan sebesar 25oC. Jumlah total padatan (TS) bervariasi dari 5, 7, 9% untuk kondisi L-AD dan 19, 21, 23% untuk kondisi SS-AD. Karena kandungan lignin yang tinggi pada sekam padi maka dilakukan perlakuan pendahuluan kimia menggunakan natrium hidroksida (NaOH) untuk memecah struktur lignoselulosanya. Kemudian biogas yang dihasilkan diukur dengan menggunakan metode perpindahan air setiap dua hari selama 60 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pretreatment natrium hidroksida dapat meningkatkan produksi biogas baik pada kondisi L-AD maupun SS-AD. Didapatkan volume produktivitas tertinggi untuk sekam padi pada kondisi L-AD dengan rasio TS 7% dan pada kondisi SS-AD dengan rasio TS 19% masing-masing sebesar 793 dan 935,5 ml. Produksi biogas spesifik pada TS dari 5, 7, 9, 19, 21 dan 23% adalah 57; 56.64; 45.36; 24.62; 15.15; dan 12.45 ml/gr TS. Untuk hasil yield biogas kumulatif tertinggi didapatkan pada SS-AD dengan rasio TS 19% sedangkan kandungan TS lebih tinggi pada L-AD dengan rasio TS 7%. Hal tersebut karena kandungan TS yang lebih tinggi memilki efek minimal pada efisiensi TS dan penurunan dalam produksi biogas, sehingga kondisi L-AD lebih menguntungkan. Kata Kunci: Biogas, Sekam Padi, Konsentrasi Total Padatan (TS), Liquid Anaerobic Digestion (L-AD), Solid State Anaerobic Digestion (SS-AD) Abstract – The process of biogas anaerobic digestion based on its total solid is divided into 2 ie Liquid Anaerobic Digestion (L-AD) generally occurs in conditions with solid concentration between 0.5% and 15%. In contrast, Solid State Anaerobic Digestion (SS-AD) occurs at a solid concentration higher than 15%. This study aims to determine the effect of production of biogas yield from rice husk waste in the conditions of L-AD and SS-AD. The variables observed in the observation were cumulative biogas yield. The laboratory scale of anaerobic digestion was used in this study and operated in a batch system at room temperature. Estimated C / N ratio of 25oC. The total amount of solids (TS) varies from 5, 7, 9% for L-AD conditions and 19, 21, 23% for SS-AD conditions. Because of the high lignin content in rice husks, a chemical preliminary treatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used to break the lignocellulosic structure. Then the resulting biogas was measured using the method of water movement every two days for 60 days. The results showed that sodium hydroxide pretreatment can increase biogas production in both L-AD and SS-AD conditions. The highest productivity volume for rice husk was found in L-AD condition with TS ratio of 7% and SS-AD condition with TS 19% ratio of 793 and 935.5 ml, respectively. Specific biogas production on TS of 5, 7, 9, 19, 21 and 23% was 57; 56.64; 45.36; 24.62; 15.15; and 12.45 ml / g TS. The highest cumulative biogas yield was obtained in SS-AD with TS ratio of 19% while TS content was higher in L-AD with TS ratio of 7%. This is because the higher TS content has a minimal effect on TS efficiency and a decrease in biogas production, so the L-AD condition is more favorable. Keywords: Biogas, Rice husk, Concentration of Total Solids (TS), Liquid Anaerobic Digestion (L-AD), Solid State Anaerobic Digestion (SS-AD

Roles of tumor suppressors in regulating tumor-associated inflammation.

Loss or silencing of tumor suppressors (TSs) promotes neoplastic transformation and malignant progression. To date, most work on TS has focused on their cell autonomous effects. Recent evidence, however, demonstrates an important noncell autonomous role for TS in the control of tumor-associated inflammation. We review evidence from clinical data sets and mouse model studies demonstrating enhanced inflammation and altered tumor microenvironment (TME) upon TS inactivation. We discuss clinical correlations between tumor-associated inflammation and inactivation of TS, and their therapeutic implications. This review sets forth the concept that TS can also suppress tumor-associated inflammation, a concept that provides new insights into tumor-host interactions. We also propose that in some cases the loss of TS function in cancer can be overcome through inhibition of the resulting inflammatory response, regardless whether it is a direct or an indirect consequence of TS loss

Stigma in youth with Tourette's syndrome: a systematic review and synthesis

Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a childhood onset neurodevelopmental disorder, characterised by tics. To our knowledge, no systematic reviews exist which focus on examining the body of literature on stigma in association with children and adolescents with TS. The aim of the article is to provide a review of the existing research on (1) social stigma in relation to children and adolescents with TS, (2) self-stigma and (3) courtesy stigma in family members of youth with TS. Three electronic databases were searched: PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science. Seventeen empirical studies met the inclusion criteria. In relation to social stigma in rating their own beliefs and behavioural intentions, youth who did not have TS showed an unfavourable attitude towards individuals with TS in comparison to typically developing peers. Meanwhile, in their own narratives about their lives, young people with TS themselves described some form of devaluation from others as a response to their disorder. Self-degrading comments were denoted in a number of studies in which the children pointed out stereotypical views that they had adopted about themselves. Finally, as regards courtesy stigma, parents expressed guilt in relation to their children's condition and social alienation as a result of the disorder. Surprisingly, however, there is not one study that focuses primarily on stigma in relation to TS and further studies that examine the subject from the perspective of both the 'stigmatiser' and the recipient of stigma are warranted

Total site methodology as a tool for planning and strategic decisions

A Total Site (TS) is defined as a set of processes (industrial plants, residential, business and agriculture units) linked through the central utility system. The utility system incorporates a number of operating units such as boilers, steam turbines, gas turbines and letdown stations. Many sites are using the TS system representation. Heat Integration at TS level has been well developed and successfully implemented. However, sites typically develop with time and even minor changes/extensions can affect TS heat recovery significantly. It is beneficial to plan their strategic development in advance, to increase or at least not to decrease the rate of heat recovery when integration of additional processes takes place. Even when this has not been done at the initial stage, the TS methodology can still be used as a tool for the strategic planning decision making. This work illustrates how the TS methodology can contribute to the strategic development and the extension planning of already existing TS. The aim is to reveal the potentials for Heat Integration, when new units or processes are considered for the inclusion in the TS. Moreover, some operating parameters (e.g. temperature or capacity) of the unit can be proposed to achieve the best possible heat recovery. The degrees of freedom for TS changes can be on two levels: (i) only adding an operating unit to the current utility system (the Total Site Profiles remain the same) or (ii) changing of the TS by including more processes (the Total Site Profiles are changed). The first group of changes includes the integration of heat engines to produce electricity utilising heat at higher temperature and returning it to the system at lower temperature, which is still acceptable for the heat recovery and simultaneously for the electricity production. The second group of changes is more complex. For evaluating these changes a plus/minus principle is developed allowing the most beneficial integration of new units to the TS. Combinations of both types of changes are also considered

Optimality of Thompson Sampling for Gaussian Bandits Depends on Priors

In stochastic bandit problems, a Bayesian policy called Thompson sampling (TS) has recently attracted much attention for its excellent empirical performance. However, the theoretical analysis of this policy is difficult and its asymptotic optimality is only proved for one-parameter models. In this paper we discuss the optimality of TS for the model of normal distributions with unknown means and variances as one of the most fundamental example of multiparameter models. First we prove that the expected regret of TS with the uniform prior achieves the theoretical bound, which is the first result to show that the asymptotic bound is achievable for the normal distribution model. Next we prove that TS with Jeffreys prior and reference prior cannot achieve the theoretical bound. Therefore the choice of priors is important for TS and non-informative priors are sometimes risky in cases of multiparameter models

Influence of estimated training status on anti and pro-oxidant activity, nitrite concentration, and blood pressure in middle-aged and older women

The purpose of this study was to compare the association between anti and pro-oxidant activity, nitrite concentration, and blood pressure (BP) in middle-aged and older women with different levels of estimated training status (TS). The sample consisted of 155 females (50-84 years) who were submitted to a physical examination to evaluate estimated TS through the "Functional Fitness Battery Test," BP measurements, and plasma blood samples to evaluate pro-oxidant and antioxidant activity and nitrite concentrations. Participants were separated by age into a middle-aged group (< 65 years) and an older (≥65 years) group and then subdivided in each group according to TS. Blood biochemistry was similar between groups. On the other hand, protein oxidation was lower in participants with higher TS, independent of age. Older females with higher TS presented higher nitrite concentrations, lower lipoperoxidation, and lower values of BP compared with those with lower TS. Lower GPx activity was observed in participants with higher TS compared with middle-aged with lower TS. Thus, our results suggest that good levels of TS may be associated with lower oxidative stress and higher nitrite concentration and may contribute to maintain normal or reduced blood pressure values.Fil: Jacomini, André M.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Dias, Danielle da Silva. Universidade Nove de Julho; BrasilFil: Brito, Janaina de Oliveira. Universidade Nove de Julho; BrasilFil: da Silva, Roberta F.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Monteiro, Henrique L.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Llesuy, Susana Francisca. Universidade Nove de Julho; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; ArgentinaFil: De Angelis, Kátia. Universidade Nove de Julho; BrasilFil: Amaral, Sandra L.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Zago, Anderson S.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasi

A New Non-Abelian Topological Phase of Cold Fermi Gases in Anisotropic and Spin-Dependent Optical Lattices

To realize non-Abelian s-wave topological superfluid (TS) of cold Fermi gases, generally a Zeeman magnetic field larger than superfluid pairing gap is necessary. In this paper we find that using an anisotropic and spin-dependent optical lattice (ASDOL) to trap gases, a new non-Abelian TS phase appears, in contrast to an isotropic and spin-independent optical lattice. A characteristic of this new non-Abelian TS is that Zeeman magnetic field can be smaller than the superfluid pairing gap. By self-consistently solving pairing gap equation and considering the competition against normal state and phase separation, this new phase is also stable. Thus an ASDOL supplies a convenient route to realize TS. We also investigate edge states and the effects of a harmonic trap potential