Comparison of Post-injection Site Pain Between Technetium Sulfur Colloid and Technetium Tilmanocept in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy.

BackgroundNo prior studies have examined injection pain associated with Technetium-99m Tilmanocept (TcTM).MethodsThis was a randomized, double-blinded study comparing postinjection site pain between filtered Technetium Sulfur Colloid (fTcSC) and TcTM in breast cancer lymphoscintigraphy. Pain was evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS) (0-100 mm) and the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ). The primary endpoint was mean difference in VAS scores at 1-min postinjection between fTcSC and TcTM. Secondary endpoints included a comparison of SF-MPQ scores between the groups at 5 min postinjection and construction of a linear mixed effects model to evaluate the changes in pain during the 5-min postinjection period.ResultsFifty-two patients underwent injection (27-fTcSC, 25-TcTM). At 1-min postinjection, patients who received fTcSC experienced a mean change in pain of 16.8 mm (standard deviation (SD) 19.5) compared with 0.2 mm (SD 7.3) in TcTM (p = 0.0002). At 5 min postinjection, the mean total score on the SF-MPQ was 2.8 (SD 3.0) for fTcSC versus 2.1 (SD 2.5) for TcTM (p = 0.36). In the mixed effects model, injection agent (p < 0.001), time (p < 0.001) and their interaction (p < 0.001) were associated with change in pain during the 5-min postinjection period. The model found fTcSC resulted in significantly more pain of 15.2 mm (p < 0.001), 11.3 mm (p = 0.001), and 7.5 mm (p = 0.013) at 1, 2, and 3 min postinjection, respectively.ConclusionsInjection with fTcSC causes significantly more pain during the first 3 min postinjection compared with TcTM in women undergoing lymphoscintigraphy for breast cancer

Sensor & instrumentation system : series 2

This book is an introduction to a number of the topics in sensor and instrumentation systems. Many of the topics describe the design experiments and system measurement especially in sensor applications. The presented topics have been selected to prepare engineering students to design the sensor and instrumentation systems. This book is generally suitable as an accompaniment to laboratory sessions at engineering institutions

Optimal Investment on Series FACTS Devices Considering Contingencies

Series FACTS devices are capable of relieving congestion and reducing generation costs in the power system. This paper proposes a planning model to optimally allocate TCSCs in the transmission network considering the base case and $N-1$ contingencies. We consider a single target year and select three distinct load patterns to accommodate the yearly load profile. A reformulation technique is utilized to linearize the nonlinear power flow constraint introduced by a TCSC. Numerical case studies based on the IEEE 118-bus system demonstrate the high performance of the proposed planning model.Comment: Preprint of DOI: 10.1109/NAPS.2016.7747948, North American Power Symposium (NAPS), 201

A study on LQG/LTR control for damping inter-area oscillations in power systems

Published versio

Capability of TCSC on SSR Mitigation

TCSC (Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator) has been used in modern power systems to increase power transfer and system stability. Besides, due to its controllable feature, TCSC has been used to work as a solution to sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) problems. However, it is not clear so far whether TCSC’s inherent characteristic can avoid SSR and its effectiveness for SSR damping. In this paper, an equivalent circuit of TCSC is used to better understand how TCSC performs at sub-synchronous frequency ranges. Therefore, interactions of TCSC behaviors and SSR components can be viewed individually. The effects of TCSC operation interfered by sub-synchronous components are discussed. Results show that TCSC has the capability to damp SSR, but this capability can be deteriorated if TCSC firing logic cannot be effectively maintained

Ratio of critical quantities related to Hawking temperature-entanglement entropy criticality

We revisit the Hawking temperature$-$entanglement entropy criticality of the $d$-dimensional charged AdS black hole with our attention concentrated on the ratio $\frac{T_c \delta S_c}{Q_c}$. Comparing the results of this paper with those of the ratio $\frac{T_c S_c}{Q_c}$, one can find both the similarities and differences. These two ratios are independent of the characteristic length scale $l$ and dependent on the dimension $d$. These similarities further enhance the relation between the entanglement entropy and the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. However, the ratio $\frac{T_c \delta S_c}{Q_c}$ also relies on the size of the spherical entangling region. Moreover, these two ratios take different values even under the same choices of parameters. The differences between these two ratios can be attributed to the peculiar property of the entanglement entropy since the research in this paper is far from the regime where the behavior of the entanglement entropy is dominated by the thermal entropy.Comment: Comments welcome. 11 pages, 3 figure

A unified smith predictor approach for power system damping control design using remote signals

Published versio