1 research outputs found
λμ‘Έμ€κ³Ό νν¨μ¨λ³ νμμ μΌν΄μ λν μ΄λνμ νΉμ§ λΆμ λ° λμ‘Έμ€ ν μΌν΄κ³€λμ μν μμΈ‘ λͺ¨λΈ κ°λ°
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(λ°μ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μκ³Όλν μνκ³Ό,2020. 2. Sungwan Kim.μλ‘ : μΌν΄κ³€λμ μ λ³λ₯ μ΄ μ¦κ°νκ³ μλ λμ§νμμ κ°μ₯ νν λ°μνλ μ¦μ μ€ νλμ΄λ€. λμ§ν νμμμ μΌν΄κ³€λμ κ²°κ³Όλ‘μ λ°μν μ μλ ν‘μΈμ± νλ ΄μ΄ μ¬λ§μ μ€μ μμΈμ΄ λ μ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μΌν΄κ³€λμ κ²μ¬νκ³ κ΄λ¦¬νλ λ°μ νΉλ³ν κ΄μ¬μ΄ νμνλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ λͺ©μ μ νν¨μ¨λ³κ³Ό λμ‘Έμ€ νμλ€μ μΌν΄μ λν μλ‘μ΄ μ΄λνμ νΉμ§μ νμνκ³ , λμ‘Έμ€ ν μΌν΄κ³€λ νμλ€μ κΈ°λ₯μ μΌν΄ μνλ₯Ό μμΈ‘νκΈ° μν λ¨Έμ λ¬λ κΈ°λ°μ μν μμΈ‘ λͺ¨λΈμ κ°λ°νκ³ κ²μ¦νλ κ²μ΄λ€.
λ°©λ²: μ€κ³¨μ μ곡κ°μ λ°μ΄ν°μ λν μ΄λνμ λΆμμ νν¨μ¨λ³κ³Ό ννμ± λμ‘Έμ€ νμλ€μ λμμΌλ‘ ννμ¬μ‘λ€. μΆκ°μ μΌλ‘ ννμ± λμ‘Έμ€ νμλ€μ 6κ°μ ν μΌν΄ κΈ°λ₯μ ν볡과 μ°κ΄λμ΄ μλ μμμ , μμνμ μμΈλ€μ νμνμ¬ μ΄λνμ μμΈλ€κ³Ό ν¨κ» μ΄μ©νμ¬ 6κ°μ ν μΌν΄ κΈ°λ₯μ ν볡μ μμΈ‘ν μ μλ μν μμΈ‘ λͺ¨λΈμ κ°λ°νκ³ μ νμλ€. νν¨μ¨λ³ νμκ΅°κ³Ό 건κ°ν λμ‘°κ΅°μ λν λΆμμμ, 69λͺ
(23λͺ
μ νν¨μ¨λ³ νμ, λμ΄, μ±λ³μ΄ 맀μΉλ 23λͺ
μ 건κ°ν λ
ΈμΈ λμ‘°κ΅°, 23λͺ
μ 건κ°ν μ μ λμ‘°κ΅°)μ μ°κ΅¬λμμλ€μ λΉλμ€ν¬μν μ°νκ²μ¬(VFSS) μμμΌλ‘λΆν° μ€κ³¨μ μ곡κ°μ λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό νλνμλ€. μΌν΄ κ³Όμ μ λ³μ/μλμ μ κ·νλ νλ‘νμΌμ λνμ¬ ν¨μμ νκ· λΆμμ΄, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ΄λ€μ μ΅λκ°μ λν λΉκ΅ λΆμμ΄ 3κ° κ·Έλ£Ήμ λνμ¬ μνλμλ€. λμ‘Έμ€ νμλ€μ μ΄λνμ λΆμμ μνμ¬ μΌν΄ νκ°λ₯Ό μνμ¬ VFSSκ° μλ’°λ 137λͺ
μ μΌλ ¨μ ννμ± λμ‘Έμ€ νμλ€ μ€μμ 18λͺ
μ λμ μνλ₯Ό 보μ΄λ νμκ΅°(6κ°μ μμ μ λμ‘Έμ€ μ΄μ μ μνλ‘ ν볡λμ§ λͺ»ν κ²½μ°)κ³Ό λμ΄μ μ±λ³μ΄ 맀μΉλ 18λͺ
μ μ’μ μνλ₯Ό 보μ΄λ νμκ΅°(6κ°μ μμ μ λμ‘Έμ€ μ΄μ μ μνλ‘ ν볡λ κ²½μ°)μ΄ μ λ³λμλ€. μΌν΄ κ³Όμ μ λ³μ/μλμ λ°©ν₯κ°μ μ κ·νλ νλ‘νμΌμ λνμ¬ ν¨μμ νκ· λΆμμ΄, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ΄λ€μ μ΅λκ°μ λν λΉκ΅ λΆμμ΄ μ’μ μνμ λμ μν κ·Έλ£Ήμ λνμ¬ μνλμλ€. μμ‘΄ λΆμμμ Kaplan-Meier λ°©λ²κ³Ό Cox νκ·λΆμ λͺ¨λΈμ΄ 137λͺ
μ ννμ± λμ‘Έμ€ νμλ€μ λνμ¬ μΌν΄ κΈ°λ₯μ λν λμ μνμ μ°κ΄λμ΄ μλ μμμ , μμνμ μμΈμ νμνκΈ° μνμ¬ μ¬μ©λμλ€. κ΄λ ¨λ μ΄λνμ , μμμ , μμνμ μμΈλ€μ κΈ°λ°μΌλ‘ μΌν΄ κΈ°λ₯μ μ’μ μνμ λμ μνλ₯Ό κ°μ§ νμκ΅°μ λΆλ₯νκΈ° μν μ΅μ€νΈλ¦Ό κ²½μ¬ λΆμ€ν
(Extreme gradient boosting, XGBoost) λͺ¨λΈμ΄ κ°λ°λμλ€. κ°λ°λ λͺ¨λΈμ 5κ²Ή(5-fold) κ΅μ°¨ κ²μ¦ λ°©λ²μΌλ‘ κ²μ¦λμκ³ μμΈ‘ μ±λ₯μ μν¬νΈ λ²‘ν° λ¨Έμ , λλ€ ν¬λ μ€νΈ, μΈκ³΅ μ κ²½λ§ λ±μ κΈ°μ€ λ¨Έμ λ¬λμ κΈ°λ°μ λ λΆλ₯κΈ°λ€κ³Ό λΉκ΅λμλ€.
κ²°κ³Ό: νν¨μ¨λ³κ³Ό 건κ°ν λμ‘°κ΅°λ€μ λν μ΄λνμ λΆμμμ λ
ΈμΈ λμ‘°κ΅°μ λΉνμ¬ νν¨μ¨λ³ νμκ΅°μμ μ€κ³¨μ μ΅λ μν λ³μ λ° μλκ° μ΄κΈ° μλ°©ν₯(P=0.006, P<0.001)κ³Ό μ λ°©ν₯(P=0.008, P<0.001) μ΄λμμ μ μνκ² κ°μνμλ€. μ΅λ μμ§ μλλ νν¨μ¨λ³ νμκ΅°μμ λ
ΈμΈ λμ‘°κ΅°μ λΉνμ¬ μ μνκ² κ°μνμλ€(P=0.001). λ
ΈμΈ λμ‘°κ΅°κ³Ό μ μ λμ‘°κ΅° μ¬μ΄μ μνκ³Ό μμ§ λ°©ν₯μ μ΅λ λ³μμ μλ λͺ¨λ μ μν μ°¨μ΄λ κ΄μ°°λμ§ μμλ€. ννμ± λμ‘Έμ€ νμλ€μ λν μ΄λνμ λΆμμμ μ€κ³¨μ μ΅λ μν λ³μ(P=0.031) λ° μλ(P=0.034)λ μ λ°©ν₯ μ΄λμμ μ’μ μνμ λμ μν νμ μ¬μ΄μ μ μν μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό 보μλ€. μΌν΄ μ΄κΈ°μ νκ· λ°©ν₯κ°μ λ κ·Έλ£Ή μ¬μ΄μ μ μν μ°¨μ΄κ° κ΄μ°°λμλ€. λμ‘Έμ€ ν μΌν΄κ³€λ νμλ€μ λν μμ‘΄ λΆμμμ 24(17.5%)λͺ
μ νμμμ 6κ°μκΉμ§ μΌν΄κ³€λμ μ§μμ΄ κ΄μ°°λμμΌλ©° νκ· κΈ°κ°μ 65.6μΌμ΄μλ€. λμ‘Έμ€ ν μΌν΄κ³€λμ κΈ°κ°μ μ΄κΈ° VFSSμμμ κ²½κ΄μμ΄, μΌν΄κ³€λ μμμ²λ(clinical dysphagia scale, CDS), μ±λ³, μ€μ¦ λλ°±μ§ κ³ μ νΈ λ³λ³(white matter hyperintensities, WMH), μμΈ‘μ λ°©μ¬κ΄/κΈ°μ ν΅/λ΄μ¬μ λ§μ μμμ μν΄μ μ μν μ°¨μ΄κ° κ΄μ°°λμλ€. μ΄ μμΈλ€ μ€ μ΄κΈ° VFSSμμμ κ²½κ΄μμ΄(P<0.001), μμΈ‘μ λ°©μ¬κ΄/κΈ°μ ν΅/λ΄μ¬μ λ§μ μμ(P=0.001), μΌν΄κ³€λ μμμ²λ(P=0.042)κ° Cox νκ·λͺ¨λΈμ λ€λ³λ λΆμμμ μ μν μμΈ‘ μΈμλ‘ κ΄μ°°λμλ€. 6κ°μμ§Έ μΌν΄ ν볡μ μμΈ‘μμ XGBoost λΆλ₯κΈ°λ AUC 0.881, F1 μ μ 0.945, 맀ν μκ΄ κ³μ 0.718μ 보μ΄λ©° μν¬νΈ λ²‘ν° λ¨Έμ , λλ€ νλ μ€νΈ, μΈκ³΅ μ κ²½λ§ λ±μ λ€λ₯Έ κΈ°μ€ μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦μ κ·Όκ±°ν λΆλ₯κΈ°λ€λ³΄λ€ μ°μν μ±λ₯μ 보μλ€.
κ²°λ‘ : λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μΌν΄ κ³Όμ μ μ€κ³¨μ μ΄κΈ° μλ°©ν₯ μ΄λμ μ΄μμ΄ μΌν΄κ³€λμ΄ μλ νν¨μ¨λ³ νμλ€κ³Ό ννμ± λμ‘Έμ€ νμλ€μ΄ 보μ΄λ μλ‘μ΄ μ΄λνμ νΉμ§μ΄ λ μ μμμ 보μλ€. ννμ± λμ‘Έμ€ νμλ€μμ μ΄κΈ° μΌν΄κ³€λμ μ¬κ°λμ μμΈ‘μ λ°©μ¬κ΄/κΈ°μ ν΅/λ΄μ¬μ λ§μ μμμ΄ 6κ°μμ§Έ μΌν΄ κΈ°λ₯μ ν볡과 μ μνκ² μ°κ΄λμ΄ μλ μμμ , μμνμ μμΈλ€μ΄μλ€. μ μλ XGBoost λͺ¨λΈμ΄ μ΄λνμ , μμμ , μμνμ μμΈλ€μ κ·Όκ±°νμ¬ λμ‘Έμ€ ν 6κ°μμ§Έ μΌν΄ ν볡μ μμΈ‘νλ κ²μ΄ κ°λ₯νμμμ 보μλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μ€κ³¨μ μ΄κΈ° μλ°©ν₯ μ΄λμ μ΄μκ³Ό μμΈ‘μ νΌμ§ν μμμ μμμ΄ ννμ± λμ‘Έμ€μμ μ₯κΈ°κ°μ μΌν΄ ν볡μ μν μν μμΈ‘ λͺ¨λΈμ κ°λ°νλλ° μ€μν μν μΈμμμ κ°μ‘°νλ€. μΆν μ°κ΅¬λ‘μ μ΄κΈ° μ€κ³¨μ μμ§μκ³Ό μμΈ‘ νΌμ§ν μμμ μμμ μΌν΄ κΈ°λ₯μ λνμ¬ μ리νμ μΈ‘λ©΄μμ νμνκ³ , μ΄λ¬ν μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όλ€μ κ·Όκ±°λ₯Ό λ μ₯κΈ° μΌν΄ ν볡μ λν μν μμΈ‘ λͺ¨λΈμ κ°μ μ΄ νμνλ€.Introduction: Dysphagia is one of the most common symptoms with increasing prevalence in brain disorders. Particular attention necessitates to examine and manage dysphagia since the resultant aspiration pneumonia can be a major cause of death in patients with brain disorders. The aim of the present study was to explore novel kinematic features of swallowing in patients with Parkinsons disease (PD) and stroke and to develop and validate machine learning-based prognostic models to predict functional swallowing status in patients with post-stroke dysphagia.
Methods: Characteristic hyoid kinematics in patients with PD and ischemic stroke were investigated in this study. For ischemic stroke patients, clinical and radiologic factors that are associated with 6-month swallowing recovery were additionally explored and utilized with kinematic factors to develop prognostic models for prediction of 6-month swallowing recovery. In the kinematic analysis for PD patients and healthy controls, spatiotemporal data of the hyoid bone was obtained from videoο¬uoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) images of 69 subjects (23 patients with PD, 23 age- and sex-matched healthy elderly controls, and 23 healthy young controls). Normalized profiles of displacement/velocity during swallowing were analyzed using functional regression analysis and their maximal values were compared among the three groups. In the kinematic analysis for patients with ischemic stroke, 18 patients with poor prognosis (no recovery to pre-stroke status at 6 months) and 18 age- and sex-matched patients with good prognosis (recovery to pre-stroke status at 6 months) were selected among the consecutive patients (n=137) with post-stroke dysphagia. Normalized profiles of displacement/velocity and direction angle of the hyoid bone were analyzed using functional regression analysis and their maximal or mean values were compared among the patients with good and poor prognosis. In survival analysis, the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model were used for 137 patients with ischemic stroke to explore clinical and radiologic factors associated with poor prognosis of swallowing function. An extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model was developed to classify patients into those with good and poor recovery of swallowing function based on the relevant kinematic, clinical, and radiologic factors. The developed models were verified using 5-fold cross-validation, and the prediction performance was compared with that of other benchmarking classifiers based on support vector machine, random forest, and artificial neural networks.
Results: In the kinematic analysis for PD patients and healthy controls, maximal horizontal displacement and velocity were significantly decreased during the initial backward (P=0.006 and P<0.001, respectively) and forward (P=0.008 and P<0.001, respectively) motions of the hyoid bone in PD patients compared to elderly controls. Maximal vertical velocity was significantly lower in PD patients than in elderly controls (P=0.001). No significant diο¬erence was observed in maximal displacement and velocity in both horizontal and vertical planes between the healthy elderly and young controls. In the kinematic analysis for patients with ischemic stroke, both maximal horizontal displacement (P=0.031) and velocity (P=0.034) in the forward hyoid motions were reduced significantly in patients with poor prognosis compared to those with good prognosis. The mean direction angle for the initial swallowing phase was significantly lower in patients with poor prognosis than those with good prognosis (P=0.050). Survival analysis for patients with post-stroke dysphagia indicated that twenty-four (17.5%) patients showed persistent dysphagia until 6 months after stroke onset with a mean duration of 65.6 days. The time duration of post-stroke dysphagia significantly differed by initial tube feeding, clinical dysphagia scale, sex, severe white matter hyperintensities, and bilateral lesions at the corona radiata, basal ganglia, and/or internal capsule (CR/BG/IC). Among these factors, initial tube feeding (P<0.001), bilateral lesions at CR/BG/IC (P=0.001), and clinical dysphagia scale (P=0.042) were significant prognostic factors in the multivariate analysis using Cox regression models. In prediction of 6-month swallowing recovery, the XGBoost classifier outperforms the benchmarking classifiers based on support vector machine, random forest, and artificial neural networks with an area under the ROC curve of 0.881, F1 score of 0.945, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.718.
Conclusions: The present study revealed that altered initial backward motions of the hyoid bone during swallowing can be the novel differential kinematic features in dysphagia patients with PD and ischemic stroke. In ischemic stroke patients, initial dysphagia severity and bilateral lesions at CR/BG/IC were significant clinical and radiologic factors associated with 6-month swallowing recovery, respectively. Prediction of 6-month swallowing recovery in post-stroke dysphagia was feasible using the proposed XGBoost model based on the kinematic, clinical, and radiologic factors. This study emphasizes that altered initial backward motions of the hyoid bone and bilateral subcortical lesions are important prognostic factors and can be utilized to develop prognostic models for long-term swallowing recovery in ischemic stroke. Future study is warranted to explore physiological aspects of initial hyoid motions and bilateral subcortical lesions on recovery of swallowing function and improve prognostic models for long-term swallowing recovery based on these investigations.1. Introduction 1
1.1. Dysphagia in Brain Disorders 1
1.2. Swallowing Kinematic Analysis 3
1.2.1. Kinematic Characteristics of the Hyoid Bone during Swallowing 3
1.2.2. Functional Data Analysis on Swallowing Motion 8
1.3. Prediction Models for Dysphagia 9
1.3.1. Importance of Prediction Models for Dysphagia 9
1.3.2. Previous Prediction Models for Dysphagia 9
1.4. Research Objectives 12
2. Methods 13
2.1. Study Population and Data Collection 13
2.1.1. Parkinsons Disease 13
2.1.2. Ischemic Stroke 13
2.2. Swallowing Assessments 17
2.3. Swallowing Kinematic Analysis 18
2.3.1. Two-dimensional Motion Analysis 18
2.3.2. Functional Regression Analysis 22
2.4. Statistical Analysis 24
2.5. Development and Validation of the Machine Learning-based Prognostic Model 26
2.5.1. XGBoost 26
2.5.2. Validation and Evaluation of the Proposed Prognostic Models 28
2.6. Study Approval 29
3. Results 31
3.1. Swallowing Kinematic Characteristics in Patients with Parkinsons disease 31
3.1.1. Clinical Characteristics and VDS parameters 31
3.1.2. Functional Regression Analysis for Hyoid Displacement 35
3.1.3. Functional Regression Analysis for Hyoid Velocity 38
3.1.4. Analysis for Maximal Values of Hyoid Kinematic Parameters 40
3.2. Swallowing Kinematic Characteristics in Patients with Ischemic Stroke 49
3.2.1. Clinical Characteristics 49
3.2.2. Functional Regression Analysis for Hyoid Displacement 54
3.2.3. Functional Regression Analysis for Hyoid Velocity 57
3.2.4. Functional Regression Analysis for Hyoid Direction Angle 59
3.2.5. Analysis for Maximal Values of Hyoid Kinematic Parameters 61
3.3. Survival Analysis in Patients with Post-stroke Dysphagia 63
3.3.1. Clinical Characteristics 63
3.3.2. Survival Analysis 64
3.4. Development and Validation of Prognostic Models in Post-stroke Dysphagia 67
4. Discussion 71
4.1. Differential Kinematic Features in Patients with Parkinsons Disease and Ischemic Stroke 71
4.2. Functional Data Analysis 75
4.3. Clinical and Radiologic Factors Associated with Long-term Swallowing Recovery 76
4.4. Machine Learning-based Prognostic Models for Long-term Swallowing Recovery 79
4.5. Limitations 81
5. Concluding Remarks and Future Work 83
Acknowledgments 85
Funding 85
References 86
Supplemental Materials 95
Appendix 101
κ΅λ¬Έ μ΄λ‘ 102Docto