1 research outputs found

    λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘κ³Ό νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžμ˜ 삼킴에 λŒ€ν•œ μš΄λ™ν•™μ  νŠΉμ§• 뢄석 및 λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν›„ μ‚Όν‚΄κ³€λž€μ˜ μ˜ˆν›„ 예츑 λͺ¨λΈ 개발

    Get PDF
    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ˜κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ μ˜ν•™κ³Ό,2020. 2. Sungwan Kim.μ„œλ‘ : μ‚Όν‚΄κ³€λž€μ€ μœ λ³‘λ₯ μ΄ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λ‡Œμ§ˆν™˜μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ ν”νžˆ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” 증상 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ΄λ‹€. λ‡Œμ§ˆν™˜ ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ μ‚Όν‚΄κ³€λž€μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ‘œμ„œ λ°œμƒν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 흑인성 폐렴이 μ‚¬λ§μ˜ μ€‘μš” 원인이 될 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ‚Όν‚΄κ³€λž€μ„ κ²€μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 데에 νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 관심이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘κ³Ό λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ 삼킴에 λŒ€ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μš΄λ™ν•™μ  νŠΉμ§•μ„ νƒμƒ‰ν•˜κ³ , λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν›„ μ‚Όν‚΄κ³€λž€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯적 μ‚Όν‚΄ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ¨Έμ‹ λŸ¬λ‹ 기반의 μ˜ˆν›„ 예츑 λͺ¨λΈμ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³  κ²€μ¦ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. 방법: μ„€κ³¨μ˜ μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ  데이터에 λŒ€ν•œ μš΄λ™ν•™μ  뢄석은 νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘κ³Ό ν—ˆν˜ˆμ„± λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬μ‘Œλ‹€. μΆ”κ°€μ μœΌλ‘œ ν—ˆν˜ˆμ„± λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ 6κ°œμ›” ν›„ μ‚Όν‚΄ κΈ°λŠ₯의 회볡과 μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” μž„μƒμ , μ˜μƒν•™μ  μš”μΈλ“€μ„ νƒμƒ‰ν•˜μ—¬ μš΄λ™ν•™μ  μš”μΈλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 6κ°œμ›” ν›„ μ‚Όν‚΄ κΈ°λŠ₯의 νšŒλ³΅μ„ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ˜ˆν›„ 예츑 λͺ¨λΈμ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžκ΅°κ³Ό κ±΄κ°•ν•œ λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ— λŒ€ν•œ λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œ, 69λͺ…(23λͺ…μ˜ νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μž, λ‚˜μ΄, 성별이 맀칭된 23λͺ…μ˜ κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 노인 λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°, 23λͺ…μ˜ κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μ Šμ€ λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°)의 μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒμžλ“€μ˜ λΉ„λ””μ˜€νˆ¬μ‹œν•˜ μ—°ν•˜κ²€μ‚¬(VFSS) μ˜μƒμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ„€κ³¨μ˜ μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ  데이터λ₯Ό νšλ“ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‚Όν‚΄ κ³Όμ •μ˜ λ³€μœ„/μ†λ„μ˜ μ •κ·œν™”λœ ν”„λ‘œνŒŒμΌμ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ ν•¨μˆ˜μ  νšŒκ·€ 뢄석이, 그리고 μ΄λ“€μ˜ μ΅œλŒ€κ°’μ— λŒ€ν•œ 비ꡐ 뢄석이 3개 그룹에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹œν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ μš΄λ™ν•™μ  뢄석을 μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ‚Όν‚΄ 평가λ₯Ό μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ VFSSκ°€ 의뒰된 137λͺ…μ˜ 일련의 ν—ˆν˜ˆμ„± λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν™˜μžλ“€ μ€‘μ—μ„œ 18λͺ…μ˜ λ‚˜μœ μ˜ˆν›„λ₯Ό λ³΄μ΄λŠ” ν™˜μžκ΅°(6κ°œμ›” μ‹œμ μ— λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ μ΄μ „μ˜ μƒνƒœλ‘œ νšŒλ³΅λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ 경우)κ³Ό λ‚˜μ΄μ™€ 성별이 맀칭된 18λͺ…μ˜ 쒋은 μ˜ˆν›„λ₯Ό λ³΄μ΄λŠ” ν™˜μžκ΅°(6κ°œμ›” μ‹œμ μ— λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ μ΄μ „μ˜ μƒνƒœλ‘œ 회볡된 경우)이 μ„ λ³„λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ‚Όν‚΄ κ³Όμ •μ˜ λ³€μœ„/속도와 λ°©ν–₯각의 μ •κ·œν™”λœ ν”„λ‘œνŒŒμΌμ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ ν•¨μˆ˜μ  νšŒκ·€ 뢄석이, 그리고 μ΄λ“€μ˜ μ΅œλŒ€κ°’μ— λŒ€ν•œ 비ꡐ 뢄석이 쒋은 μ˜ˆν›„μ™€ λ‚˜μœ μ˜ˆν›„ 그룹에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹œν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 생쑴 λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œ Kaplan-Meier 방법과 Cox νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„ λͺ¨λΈμ΄ 137λͺ…μ˜ ν—ˆν˜ˆμ„± λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μ‚Όν‚΄ κΈ°λŠ₯에 λŒ€ν•œ λ‚˜μœ μ˜ˆν›„μ™€ μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” μž„μƒμ , μ˜μƒν•™μ  μš”μΈμ„ νƒμƒ‰ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. κ΄€λ ¨λœ μš΄λ™ν•™μ , μž„μƒμ , μ˜μƒν•™μ  μš”μΈλ“€μ„ 기반으둜 μ‚Όν‚΄ κΈ°λŠ₯의 쒋은 μ˜ˆν›„μ™€ λ‚˜μœ μ˜ˆν›„λ₯Ό 가진 ν™˜μžκ΅°μ„ λΆ„λ₯˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 읡슀트림 경사 λΆ€μŠ€νŒ…(Extreme gradient boosting, XGBoost) λͺ¨λΈμ΄ κ°œλ°œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 개발된 λͺ¨λΈμ€ 5κ²Ή(5-fold) ꡐ차 검증 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ κ²€μ¦λ˜μ—ˆκ³  예츑 μ„±λŠ₯은 μ„œν¬νŠΈ 벑터 λ¨Έμ‹ , 랜덀 포레슀트, 인곡 신경망 λ“±μ˜ κΈ°μ€€ λ¨Έμ‹  λŸ¬λ‹μ— κΈ°λ°˜μ„ λ‘” λΆ„λ₯˜κΈ°λ“€κ³Ό λΉ„κ΅λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. κ²°κ³Ό: νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘κ³Ό κ±΄κ°•ν•œ λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μš΄λ™ν•™μ  λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œ 노인 λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ— λΉ„ν•˜μ—¬ νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžκ΅°μ—μ„œ μ„€κ³¨μ˜ μ΅œλŒ€ μˆ˜ν‰ λ³€μœ„ 및 속도가 초기 μ—­λ°©ν–₯(P=0.006, P<0.001)κ³Ό μ •λ°©ν–₯(P=0.008, P<0.001) μš΄λ™μ—μ„œ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΅œλŒ€ 수직 μ†λ„λŠ” νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžκ΅°μ—μ„œ 노인 λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ— λΉ„ν•˜μ—¬ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€(P=0.001). 노인 λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°κ³Ό μ Šμ€ λŒ€μ‘°κ΅° 사이에 μˆ˜ν‰κ³Ό 수직 λ°©ν–₯의 μ΅œλŒ€ λ³€μœ„μ™€ 속도 λͺ¨λ‘ μœ μ˜ν•œ μ°¨μ΄λŠ” κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. ν—ˆν˜ˆμ„± λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μš΄λ™ν•™μ  λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œ μ„€κ³¨μ˜ μ΅œλŒ€ μˆ˜ν‰ λ³€μœ„(P=0.031) 및 속도(P=0.034)λŠ” μ •λ°©ν–₯ μš΄λ™μ—μ„œ 쒋은 μ˜ˆν›„μ™€ λ‚˜μœ μ˜ˆν›„ ν™˜μž 사이에 μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. μ‚Όν‚΄ 초기의 평균 λ°©ν–₯각은 두 κ·Έλ£Ή 사이에 μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이가 κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν›„ μ‚Όν‚΄κ³€λž€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 생쑴 λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œ 24(17.5%)λͺ…μ˜ ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ 6κ°œμ›”κΉŒμ§€ μ‚Όν‚΄κ³€λž€μ˜ 지속이 κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° 평균 기간은 65.6μΌμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν›„ μ‚Όν‚΄κ³€λž€μ˜ 기간은 초기 VFSSμ—μ„œμ˜ 경관식이, μ‚Όν‚΄κ³€λž€ μž„μƒμ²™λ„(clinical dysphagia scale, CDS), 성별, 쀑증 λ‡Œλ°±μ§ˆ κ³ μ‹ ν˜Έ 병변(white matter hyperintensities, WMH), μ–‘μΈ‘μ˜ 방사관/κΈ°μ €ν•΅/λ‚΄μ„¬μœ λ§‰μ˜ 손상에 μ˜ν•΄μ„œ μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이가 κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이 μš”μΈλ“€ 쀑 초기 VFSSμ—μ„œμ˜ 경관식이(P<0.001), μ–‘μΈ‘μ˜ 방사관/κΈ°μ €ν•΅/λ‚΄μ„¬μœ λ§‰μ˜ 손상(P=0.001), μ‚Όν‚΄κ³€λž€ μž„μƒμ²™λ„(P=0.042)κ°€ Cox νšŒκ·€λͺ¨λΈμ˜ λ‹€λ³€λŸ‰ λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œ μœ μ˜ν•œ 예츑 인자둜 κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 6κ°œμ›”μ§Έ μ‚Όν‚΄ 회볡의 μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ—μ„œ XGBoost λΆ„λ₯˜κΈ°λŠ” AUC 0.881, F1 점수 0.945, 맀튜 상관 κ³„μˆ˜ 0.718을 보이며 μ„œν¬νŠΈ 벑터 λ¨Έμ‹ , 랜덀 ν”„λ ˆμŠ€νŠΈ, 인곡 신경망 λ“±μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ κΈ°μ€€ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ— κ·Όκ±°ν•œ λΆ„λ₯˜κΈ°λ“€λ³΄λ‹€ μš°μ›”ν•œ μ„±λŠ₯을 λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. κ²°λ‘ : λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ‚Όν‚΄ κ³Όμ •μ˜ μ„€κ³¨μ˜ 초기 μ—­λ°©ν–₯ μš΄λ™μ˜ 이상이 μ‚Όν‚΄κ³€λž€μ΄ μžˆλŠ” νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžλ“€κ³Ό ν—ˆν˜ˆμ„± λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μš΄λ™ν•™μ  νŠΉμ§•μ΄ 될 수 μžˆμŒμ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. ν—ˆν˜ˆμ„± λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ—μ„œ 초기 μ‚Όν‚΄κ³€λž€μ˜ 심각도와 μ–‘μΈ‘μ˜ 방사관/κΈ°μ €ν•΅/λ‚΄μ„¬μœ λ§‰μ˜ 손상이 6κ°œμ›”μ§Έ μ‚Όν‚΄ κΈ°λŠ₯의 회볡과 μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” μž„μƒμ , μ˜μƒν•™μ  μš”μΈλ“€μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. μ œμ•ˆλœ XGBoost λͺ¨λΈμ΄ μš΄λ™ν•™μ , μž„μƒμ , μ˜μƒν•™μ  μš”μΈλ“€μ— κ·Όκ±°ν•˜μ—¬ λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν›„ 6κ°œμ›”μ§Έ μ‚Όν‚΄ νšŒλ³΅μ„ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜λŠ” 것이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ˜€μŒμ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ„€κ³¨μ˜ 초기 μ—­λ°©ν–₯ μš΄λ™μ˜ 이상과 μ–‘μΈ‘μ˜ ν”Όμ§ˆν•˜ μ˜μ—­μ˜ 손상이 ν—ˆν˜ˆμ„± λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ—μ„œ μž₯κΈ°κ°„μ˜ μ‚Όν‚΄ νšŒλ³΅μ„ μœ„ν•œ μ˜ˆν›„ 예츑 λͺ¨λΈμ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ”λ° μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ˜ˆν›„ μΈμžμž„μ„ κ°•μ‘°ν•œλ‹€. μΆ”ν›„ μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œμ„œ 초기 μ„€κ³¨μ˜ μ›€μ§μž„κ³Ό μ–‘μΈ‘ ν”Όμ§ˆν•˜ μ˜μ—­μ˜ μ†μƒμ˜ μ‚Όν‚΄ κΈ°λŠ₯에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ 생리학적 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ νƒμƒ‰ν•˜κ³ , μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 연ꡬ 결과듀에 κ·Όκ±°λ₯Ό λ‘” μž₯κΈ° μ‚Όν‚΄ νšŒλ³΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ˜ˆν›„ 예츑 λͺ¨λΈμ˜ κ°œμ„ μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€.Introduction: Dysphagia is one of the most common symptoms with increasing prevalence in brain disorders. Particular attention necessitates to examine and manage dysphagia since the resultant aspiration pneumonia can be a major cause of death in patients with brain disorders. The aim of the present study was to explore novel kinematic features of swallowing in patients with Parkinsons disease (PD) and stroke and to develop and validate machine learning-based prognostic models to predict functional swallowing status in patients with post-stroke dysphagia. Methods: Characteristic hyoid kinematics in patients with PD and ischemic stroke were investigated in this study. For ischemic stroke patients, clinical and radiologic factors that are associated with 6-month swallowing recovery were additionally explored and utilized with kinematic factors to develop prognostic models for prediction of 6-month swallowing recovery. In the kinematic analysis for PD patients and healthy controls, spatiotemporal data of the hyoid bone was obtained from videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) images of 69 subjects (23 patients with PD, 23 age- and sex-matched healthy elderly controls, and 23 healthy young controls). Normalized profiles of displacement/velocity during swallowing were analyzed using functional regression analysis and their maximal values were compared among the three groups. In the kinematic analysis for patients with ischemic stroke, 18 patients with poor prognosis (no recovery to pre-stroke status at 6 months) and 18 age- and sex-matched patients with good prognosis (recovery to pre-stroke status at 6 months) were selected among the consecutive patients (n=137) with post-stroke dysphagia. Normalized profiles of displacement/velocity and direction angle of the hyoid bone were analyzed using functional regression analysis and their maximal or mean values were compared among the patients with good and poor prognosis. In survival analysis, the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model were used for 137 patients with ischemic stroke to explore clinical and radiologic factors associated with poor prognosis of swallowing function. An extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model was developed to classify patients into those with good and poor recovery of swallowing function based on the relevant kinematic, clinical, and radiologic factors. The developed models were verified using 5-fold cross-validation, and the prediction performance was compared with that of other benchmarking classifiers based on support vector machine, random forest, and artificial neural networks. Results: In the kinematic analysis for PD patients and healthy controls, maximal horizontal displacement and velocity were significantly decreased during the initial backward (P=0.006 and P<0.001, respectively) and forward (P=0.008 and P<0.001, respectively) motions of the hyoid bone in PD patients compared to elderly controls. Maximal vertical velocity was significantly lower in PD patients than in elderly controls (P=0.001). No significant difference was observed in maximal displacement and velocity in both horizontal and vertical planes between the healthy elderly and young controls. In the kinematic analysis for patients with ischemic stroke, both maximal horizontal displacement (P=0.031) and velocity (P=0.034) in the forward hyoid motions were reduced significantly in patients with poor prognosis compared to those with good prognosis. The mean direction angle for the initial swallowing phase was significantly lower in patients with poor prognosis than those with good prognosis (P=0.050). Survival analysis for patients with post-stroke dysphagia indicated that twenty-four (17.5%) patients showed persistent dysphagia until 6 months after stroke onset with a mean duration of 65.6 days. The time duration of post-stroke dysphagia significantly differed by initial tube feeding, clinical dysphagia scale, sex, severe white matter hyperintensities, and bilateral lesions at the corona radiata, basal ganglia, and/or internal capsule (CR/BG/IC). Among these factors, initial tube feeding (P<0.001), bilateral lesions at CR/BG/IC (P=0.001), and clinical dysphagia scale (P=0.042) were significant prognostic factors in the multivariate analysis using Cox regression models. In prediction of 6-month swallowing recovery, the XGBoost classifier outperforms the benchmarking classifiers based on support vector machine, random forest, and artificial neural networks with an area under the ROC curve of 0.881, F1 score of 0.945, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.718. Conclusions: The present study revealed that altered initial backward motions of the hyoid bone during swallowing can be the novel differential kinematic features in dysphagia patients with PD and ischemic stroke. In ischemic stroke patients, initial dysphagia severity and bilateral lesions at CR/BG/IC were significant clinical and radiologic factors associated with 6-month swallowing recovery, respectively. Prediction of 6-month swallowing recovery in post-stroke dysphagia was feasible using the proposed XGBoost model based on the kinematic, clinical, and radiologic factors. This study emphasizes that altered initial backward motions of the hyoid bone and bilateral subcortical lesions are important prognostic factors and can be utilized to develop prognostic models for long-term swallowing recovery in ischemic stroke. Future study is warranted to explore physiological aspects of initial hyoid motions and bilateral subcortical lesions on recovery of swallowing function and improve prognostic models for long-term swallowing recovery based on these investigations.1. Introduction 1 1.1. Dysphagia in Brain Disorders 1 1.2. Swallowing Kinematic Analysis 3 1.2.1. Kinematic Characteristics of the Hyoid Bone during Swallowing 3 1.2.2. Functional Data Analysis on Swallowing Motion 8 1.3. Prediction Models for Dysphagia 9 1.3.1. Importance of Prediction Models for Dysphagia 9 1.3.2. Previous Prediction Models for Dysphagia 9 1.4. Research Objectives 12 2. Methods 13 2.1. Study Population and Data Collection 13 2.1.1. Parkinsons Disease 13 2.1.2. Ischemic Stroke 13 2.2. Swallowing Assessments 17 2.3. Swallowing Kinematic Analysis 18 2.3.1. Two-dimensional Motion Analysis 18 2.3.2. Functional Regression Analysis 22 2.4. Statistical Analysis 24 2.5. Development and Validation of the Machine Learning-based Prognostic Model 26 2.5.1. XGBoost 26 2.5.2. Validation and Evaluation of the Proposed Prognostic Models 28 2.6. Study Approval 29 3. Results 31 3.1. Swallowing Kinematic Characteristics in Patients with Parkinsons disease 31 3.1.1. Clinical Characteristics and VDS parameters 31 3.1.2. Functional Regression Analysis for Hyoid Displacement 35 3.1.3. Functional Regression Analysis for Hyoid Velocity 38 3.1.4. Analysis for Maximal Values of Hyoid Kinematic Parameters 40 3.2. Swallowing Kinematic Characteristics in Patients with Ischemic Stroke 49 3.2.1. Clinical Characteristics 49 3.2.2. Functional Regression Analysis for Hyoid Displacement 54 3.2.3. Functional Regression Analysis for Hyoid Velocity 57 3.2.4. Functional Regression Analysis for Hyoid Direction Angle 59 3.2.5. Analysis for Maximal Values of Hyoid Kinematic Parameters 61 3.3. Survival Analysis in Patients with Post-stroke Dysphagia 63 3.3.1. Clinical Characteristics 63 3.3.2. Survival Analysis 64 3.4. Development and Validation of Prognostic Models in Post-stroke Dysphagia 67 4. Discussion 71 4.1. Differential Kinematic Features in Patients with Parkinsons Disease and Ischemic Stroke 71 4.2. Functional Data Analysis 75 4.3. Clinical and Radiologic Factors Associated with Long-term Swallowing Recovery 76 4.4. Machine Learning-based Prognostic Models for Long-term Swallowing Recovery 79 4.5. Limitations 81 5. Concluding Remarks and Future Work 83 Acknowledgments 85 Funding 85 References 86 Supplemental Materials 95 Appendix 101 κ΅­λ¬Έ 초둝 102Docto
    corecore