Photocatalytic production of organic compounds from CO and H2O in a simulated Martian atmosphere

[14C]CO2 and [14C]organic compounds are formed when a mixture of [14C]CO and water vapor diluted in [12C]CO2 or N2 is irradiated with ultraviolet light in the presence of soil or pulverized vycor substratum. The [14C]CO2 is recoverable from the gas phase, the [14C]organic products from the substratum. Three organic products have been tentatively identified as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and glycolic acid. The relative yields of [14C]CO2 and [14C]organics are wavelength- and surface-dependent. Conversion of CO to CO2 occurs primarily at wavelengths shorter than 2000 angstrom, apparently involves the photolysis of water, and is inhibited by increasing amounts of vycor substratum. Organic formation occurs over a broad spectral range below 3000 angstrom and increases with increasing amounts of substratum. It is suggested that organic synthesis results from adsorption of CO and H2O on surfaces, with excitation of one or both molecules occurring at wavelengths longer than those absorbed by the free gases. This process may occur on Mars and may have been important on the primitive earth

Three-Dimensional Quantification of Cellular Traction Forces and Mechanosensing of Thin Substrata by Fourier Traction Force Microscopy

We introduce a novel three-dimensional (3D) traction force microscopy (TFM) method motivated by the recent discovery that cells adhering on plane surfaces exert both in-plane and out-of-plane traction stresses. We measure the 3D deformation of the substratum on a thin layer near its surface, and input this information into an exact analytical solution of the elastic equilibrium equation. These operations are performed in the Fourier domain with high computational efficiency, allowing to obtain the 3D traction stresses from raw microscopy images virtually in real time. We also characterize the error of previous two-dimensional (2D) TFM methods that neglect the out-of-plane component of the traction stresses. This analysis reveals that, under certain combinations of experimental parameters (\ie cell size, substratums' thickness and Poisson's ratio), the accuracy of 2D TFM methods is minimally affected by neglecting the out-of-plane component of the traction stresses. Finally, we consider the cell's mechanosensing of substratum thickness by 3D traction stresses, finding that, when cells adhere on thin substrata, their out-of-plane traction stresses can reach four times deeper into the substratum than their in-plane traction stresses. It is also found that the substratum stiffness sensed by applying out-of-plane traction stresses may be up to 10 times larger than the stiffness sensed by applying in-plane traction stresses

Substratum Influence on (Rig-Vedic) Sanskrit?

published or submitted for publicationis peer reviewe

Epiphyllous Lejeuneaceae in Costa Rica : contributions to the altitudinal distribution of selected species

The altitudina l distribution of selected species of epiphyllous Lejeuneaceae shows 6 groups (table 1 and 2): I (only lower than 500 m) Cololejeunea setiloba; II (1-1600m) Aphanolejeunea costaricensis, A. moralesiae, Cololejeunea cardiocarpa, C. guadelupensis, C. linopteroides, C. obliqua, C. papillifera, C. standleyi, Colura verdoornii, Cyclolejeunea chitonia, C. peruviana, Diplasiolejeunea brunnea, Microlejeunea epiphylla, Rectolejeunea berteroana, R. cf. emarginuliflora, Stictolejeunea squamata; III (1-3000m) Aphanolejeunea angustissima, Colura tortifolia, Diplasiolejeunea cavifolia, D. pellucida, Drepanolejeunea inchoata, Dr. lichenicola, Lejeunea laetevirens, Odontolejeunea lunulata; IV (only 500-1600m) Aphanolejeunea cingens, A. longifolia, A. pustulosa, Cyclolejeunea accedens, C. convexistipa, Diplasiolejeunea grolleana, D. unidentata, Harpalejeunea uncinata, Lejeunea filipes, Odontolejeunea decemdentata; V (500-3000m) Anoplolejeunea conferta, Aphanolejeunea crenata, A. ephemeroides, Colura tenuicornis, Diplasiolejeunea alata, Drepanolejeunea infundibulata, Dr. mosenii, Lejeunea flava, Omphalanthus filiformis; VI (only above 1600-3000m) Aphanolejeunea camillii, Cololejeunea fefeana, Diplasiolejeunea costaricensis sp.nov., D. involuta

Measurement system for two-dimensional magnetic field distributions, applied to the investigation of recording head fields

The system described is built around a very accurate positioner into which a sensitive transducer and the object of analysis is mounted. The properties of the applied magnetoresistive transducer are described. This transducer, a very narrow permalloy strip placed at the edge of a glass substratum, can be used to measure both components of the field distribution. The analysis of the measured results can be accomplished with the help of a computer simulation of the transducer response curves. The performance of the system is demonstrated by measurements on a number of ferrite heads and conclusions about the so called 'dead layer'-structures on these heads are given

Seaweed Diversity and Conservation on the Warambadi Seashore of Sumba Island: Substrata and Seasonal Phenomenon

The interaction between species and species diversity with their growing habitats are essential in the conservation of species. This study deals with the diversity and conservation of seaweed (marine macro-algae) with the emphasis on substrata habitats (sandy and rocky shores) and seasonal conditions (rainy and dry seasons). The study was carried out on the Warambadi seashore of Sumba Island. The t-test analysis showed that the “species diversity index of algae” (H') on both sandy and rocky substrata did not significantly different. The (H') during both rainy and dry seasons on different substratum (sandy and rocky substrata) did not show any significant differences. The two-way anova analysis recorded that the (H') and the number of algae species were not affected by the differences of both substrata and seasons, but it was significantly affected by the interaction between the types of substratum and season. The study also reported that the types of substrata and seasons affected the (H') of Chlorophyceae but not by of their interaction, and the (H') of Rhodophyceae was affected by the types of substratum and season but not by their interaction. Moreover, the types of substratum and season affected the (H') of Phaeophycea, but their interaction did not affect such diversity index. Substrata and seasonal phenomenon also indicate that the types of substratum, season, and their interactions affected the number of species Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Phaeophyceae