2,388 research outputs found
The Stability of downtown parking and traffic congestion
In classical traffic flow theory, there are two velocities associated with a given level of traffic flow. Following Vickrey, economists have termed travel at the higher speed congested travel and at the lower speed hypercongested travel. Since the publication of Walters' classic paper (1961, Econometrica 29, 676-699), there has been an on-going debate concerning whether a steady-state hypercongested equilibrium can be stable. For a particular structural model of downtown traffic flow and parking, this paper demonstrates that a steady-state hypercongested equilibrium can be stable. Some other sensible models of traffic congestion conclude that steady-state hypercongested travel cannot be stable, and that queues develop to ration the demand in steady states. Thus, we interpret our result to imply that, when steady-state demand is so high that it cannot be rationed through congested travel, the trip price increase necessary to ration the demand may be generated either through the formation of steady-state queues or through hypercongested travel, and that which mechanism occurs depends on details of the traffic system
q-Gaussian based Smoothed Functional Algorithm for Stochastic Optimization
The q-Gaussian distribution results from maximizing certain generalizations
of Shannon entropy under some constraints. The importance of q-Gaussian
distributions stems from the fact that they exhibit power-law behavior, and
also generalize Gaussian distributions. In this paper, we propose a Smoothed
Functional (SF) scheme for gradient estimation using q-Gaussian distribution,
and also propose an algorithm for optimization based on the above scheme.
Convergence results of the algorithm are presented. Performance of the proposed
algorithm is shown by simulation results on a queuing model.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figur
Pair correlation function of short-ranged square-well fluids
We have performed extensive Monte Carlo simulations in the canonical (NVT)
ensemble of the pair correlation function for square-well fluids with well
widths ranging from 0.1 to 1.0, in units of the diameter
of the particles. For each one of these widths, several densities and
temperatures in the ranges and
, where is the
critical temperature, have been considered. The simulation data are used to
examine the performance of two analytical theories in predicting the structure
of these fluids: the perturbation theory proposed by Tang and Lu [Y. Tang and
B. C.-Y. Lu, J. Chem. Phys. {\bf 100}, 3079, 6665 (1994)] and the
non-perturbative model proposed by two of us [S. B. Yuste and A. Santos, J.
Chem. Phys. {\bf 101}, 2355 (1994)]. It is observed that both theories
complement each other, as the latter theory works well for short ranges and/or
moderate densities, while the former theory does for long ranges and high
densities.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figure
Adaptive traffic signal control using approximate dynamic programming
This thesis presents a study on an adaptive traffic signal controller for real-time operation.
An approximate dynamic programming (ADP) algorithm is developed for controlling traffic
signals at isolated intersection and in distributed traffic networks. This approach is derived
from the premise that classic dynamic programming is computationally difficult to solve, and
approximation is the second-best option for establishing sequential decision-making for
complex process. The proposed ADP algorithm substantially reduces computational burden
by using a linear approximation function to replace the exact value function of dynamic
programming solution. Machine-learning techniques are used to improve the approximation
progressively. Not knowing the ideal response for the approximation to learn from, we use the
paradigm of unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning in particular. Temporal-difference
learning and perturbation learning are investigated as appropriate candidates in the
family of unsupervised learning. We find in computer simulation that the proposed method
achieves substantial reduction in vehicle delays in comparison with optimised fixed-time
plans, and is competitive against other adaptive methods in computational efficiency and
effectiveness in managing varying traffic. Our results show that substantial benefits can be
gained by increasing the frequency at which the signal plans are revised. The proposed ADP
algorithm is in compliance with a range of discrete systems of resolution from 0.5 to 5
seconds per temporal step. This study demonstrates the readiness of the proposed approach
for real-time operations at isolated intersections and the potentials for distributed network
control
The stability of downtown parking and traffic congestion
Consider a transport facility in steady state that is operating at maximum throughput. How does it respond to a once-and-for-all increase in demand? The trip price must increase to ration the increased demand, but how? These questions have been the subject of a debate in transport economic theory dating back to Walters’ classic paper (1961). The current wisdom is that the facility continues to operate at full capacity, with travel at reduced velocity and/or increased queuing serving to increase the trip price. This paper analyzes the transient dynamics and stability of steady states for a spatially uniform road network with on-street parking, and finds in this context that the increase in demand may cause operation at reduced throughput
The Stability of Downtown Parking and Traffic Congestion
In classical traffic flow theory, there are two velocities associated with a given level of traffic flow. Following Vickrey, economists have termed travel at the higher speed congested travel and at the lower speed hypercongested travel. Since the publication of Walters. classic paper, there has been an on-going debate concerning whether a steady-state hypercongested equilibrium can be stable. For a particular structural model of downtown traffic flow and parking, this paper demonstrates that a steady-state hypercongested equilibrium can be stable. Some other sensible models of traffic congestion conclude that steady-state hypercongested travel cannot be stable, and that queues develop to ration the demand in steady states. Thus, we interpret our result to imply that, when steady-state demand is so high that it cannot be rationed through congested travel, the trip price increase necessary to ration the demand may be generated either through the formation of steady-state queues or through hypercongested travel, and that which mechanism occurs depends on details of the traffic system.traffic congestion, cruising for parking, on-street parking, hypercongestion
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