18,142 research outputs found
Strategies for Parallel Markup
Cross-referenced parallel markup for mathematics allows the combination of
both presentation and content representations while associating the components
of each. Interesting applications are enabled by such an arrangement, such as
interaction with parts of the presentation to manipulate and querying the
corresponding content, and enhanced search indexing. Although the idea of such
markup is hardly new, effective techniques for creating and manipulating it are
more difficult than it appears. Since the structures and tokens in the two
formats often do not correspond one-to-one, decisions and heuristics must be
developed to determine in which way each component refers to and is referred to
by components of the other representation. Conversion between fine and coarse
grained parallel markup complicates ID assignments. In this paper, we will
describe the techniques developed for \LaTeXML, a \TeX/\LaTeX to XML converter,
to create cross-referenced parallel MathML. While we do not yet consider
\LaTeXML's content MathML to be useful, the current effort is a step towards
that continuing goal
VMEXT: A Visualization Tool for Mathematical Expression Trees
Mathematical expressions can be represented as a tree consisting of terminal
symbols, such as identifiers or numbers (leaf nodes), and functions or
operators (non-leaf nodes). Expression trees are an important mechanism for
storing and processing mathematical expressions as well as the most frequently
used visualization of the structure of mathematical expressions. Typically,
researchers and practitioners manually visualize expression trees using
general-purpose tools. This approach is laborious, redundant, and error-prone.
Manual visualizations represent a user's notion of what the markup of an
expression should be, but not necessarily what the actual markup is. This paper
presents VMEXT - a free and open source tool to directly visualize expression
trees from parallel MathML. VMEXT simultaneously visualizes the presentation
elements and the semantic structure of mathematical expressions to enable users
to quickly spot deficiencies in the Content MathML markup that does not affect
the presentation of the expression. Identifying such discrepancies previously
required reading the verbose and complex MathML markup. VMEXT also allows one
to visualize similar and identical elements of two expressions. Visualizing
expression similarity can support support developers in designing retrieval
approaches and enable improved interaction concepts for users of mathematical
information retrieval systems. We demonstrate VMEXT's visualizations in two
web-based applications. The first application presents the visualizations
alone. The second application shows a possible integration of the
visualizations in systems for mathematical knowledge management and
mathematical information retrieval. The application converts LaTeX input to
parallel MathML, computes basic similarity measures for mathematical
expressions, and visualizes the results using VMEXT.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, Intelligent Computer Mathematics - 10th
International Conference CICM 2017, Edinburgh, UK, July 17-21, 2017,
Proceeding
Isabelle/PIDE as Platform for Educational Tools
The Isabelle/PIDE platform addresses the question whether proof assistants of
the LCF family are suitable as technological basis for educational tools. The
traditionally strong logical foundations of systems like HOL, Coq, or Isabelle
have so far been counter-balanced by somewhat inaccessible interaction via the
TTY (or minor variations like the well-known Proof General / Emacs interface).
Thus the fundamental question of math education tools with fully-formal
background theories has often been answered negatively due to accidental
weaknesses of existing proof engines.
The idea of "PIDE" (which means "Prover IDE") is to integrate existing
provers like Isabelle into a larger environment, that facilitates access by
end-users and other tools. We use Scala to expose the proof engine in ML to the
JVM world, where many user-interfaces, editor frameworks, and educational tools
already exist. This shall ultimately lead to combined mathematical assistants,
where the logical engine is in the background, without obstructing the view on
applications of formal methods, formalized mathematics, and math education in
particular.Comment: In Proceedings THedu'11, arXiv:1202.453
Which one is better: presentation-based or content-based math search?
Mathematical content is a valuable information source and retrieving this
content has become an important issue. This paper compares two searching
strategies for math expressions: presentation-based and content-based
approaches. Presentation-based search uses state-of-the-art math search system
while content-based search uses semantic enrichment of math expressions to
convert math expressions into their content forms and searching is done using
these content-based expressions. By considering the meaning of math
expressions, the quality of search system is improved over presentation-based
systems
Vertical Distribution, Parallel Trade, and Price Divergence in Integrated Markets
We develop a model of vertical pricing in which an original manufacturer sets wholesale prices in two markets that are integrated at the distributor level by parallel imports (PI). The manufacturing firm needs to set these two prices to balance three competing interests: restricting competition in the PI-recipient market, avoiding resource wastes due to actual trade, and reducing the double-markup problem in the PI-source nation. These trade-offs imply the counterintuitive result that both wholesale and retail prices could diverge as a result of declining trading costs, even as the volume of PI increases. Thus, in some circumstances it may be misleading to think of PI as an unambiguous force for price integration.Vertical Restraints; Parallel Imports; Market Integration
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An effective data placement strategy for XML documents
As XML is increasingly being used in Web applications, new
technologies need to be investigated for processing XML documents with high
performance. Parallelism is a promising solution for structured document
processing and data placement is a major factor for system performance
improvement in parallel processing. This paper describes an effective XML
document data placement strategy. The new strategy is based on a multilevel
graph partitioning algorithm with the consideration of the unique features of
XML documents and query distributions. A new algorithm, which is based on
XML query schemas to derive the weighted graph from the labelled directed
graph presentation of XML documents, is also proposed. Performance analysis
on the algorithm presented in the paper shows that the new data placement
strategy exhibits low workload skew and a high degree of parallelism
Understanding Strategic Bidding in Restructured Electricity Markets: A Case Study of ERCOT
We examine the bidding behavior of firms competing on ERCOT, the hourly electricity balancing market in Texas. We characterize an equilibrium model of bidding into this uniform-price divisible-good auction market. Using detailed firm-level data on bids and marginal costs of generation, we find that firms with large stakes in the market performed close to theoretical benchmarks of static, profit-maximizing bidding derived from our model. However, several smaller firms utilized excessively steep bid schedules that deviated significantly from our theoretical benchmarks, in a manner that could not be empirically accounted for by the presence of technological adjustment costs, transmission constraints, or collusive behavior. Our results suggest that payoff scale matters in firms' willingness and ability to participate in complex, strategic market environments. Finally, although smaller firms moved closer to theoretical bidding benchmarks over time, their bidding patterns contributed to productive inefficiency in this newly restructured market, along with efficiency losses due to the close-to optimal exercise of market power by larger firms.
Measuring the Global Research Environment: Information Science Challenges for the 21st Century
âWhat does the global research environment look like?â This paper presents a summary look at the results of efforts to
address this question using available indicators on global research production. It was surprising how little information is available, how difficult some of it is to access and how flawed the data are. The three most useful data sources were UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Research and Development data (1996-2002), the Institute of Scientific Information publications listings for January 1998 through March 2003, and the World of Learning 2002 reference volume. The data showed that it is difficult to easily get a good overview of the global research situation from existing sources. Furthermore, inequalities between countries in research capacity are marked and challenging. Information science offers strategies for responding to both of these challenges. In both cases improvements are likely if access to information can be facilitated and the process of integrating information from different sources can be simplified, allowing transformation into effective action. The global research environment thus serves as a case study for the focus of this paper â the exploration of information science responses to challenges in the management, exchange and implementation of knowledge globally
Design issues in the production of hyperâbooks and visualâbooks
This paper describes an ongoing research project in the area of electronic books. After a brief overview of the state of the art in this field, two new forms of electronic book are presented: hyperâbooks and visualâbooks. A flexible environment allows them to be produced in a semiâautomatic way starting from different sources: electronic texts (as input for hyperâbooks) and paper books (as input for visualâbooks). The translation process is driven by the philosophy of preserving the book metaphor in order to guarantee that electronic information is presented in a familiar way. Another important feature of our research is that hyperâbooks and visualâbooks are conceived not as isolated objects but as entities within an electronic library, which inherits most of the features of a paperâbased library but introduces a number of new properties resulting from its nonâphysical nature
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