Blattlaus- und Erbsenwicklerbefall in Wintererbsen-Reinsaaten: Ein Vergleich zu Sommererbsen-Reinsaaten und Wintererbsen-Mischsaaten

The infestation of peas by aphids and moths was assessed in winter pea sole crops and compared to spring pea sole and winter pea-triticale intercrops. The field experiments were conducted in Northern Germany in the growing seasons 2009-2011. The maximum number of pea aphids per plant and the percentage of attacked plants were lower in semi-leafless and normal-leafed winter pea sole crops than in semi-leafless spring peas. Pea moth larvae damaged 6-32 % of seeds in winter peas and 40-55 % of seeds in spring peas. Winter pea-triticale intercropping reduced the attack of pea aphids, whereas no beneficial effect of intercropping was observed concerning moth-damaged peas. Owing to the earlier maturity, winter peas were less susceptible to pea pest attacks than spring peas. Winter-pea intercropping is a partially effective method for pest control in peas

An assessment of nitrogen fixation in 'organically managed' spring-sown lupins and leaching under a following winter cereal

Three spring-sown species of lupins (Bora, Prima and Wodjil) and peas were compared in terms of N fixation and subsequent leaching under a following winter cereal crop. Although peas out-yielded lupins (5.4 t compared with ca 3.5 t grain, respectively), the yellow lupin (Wodjil) fixed more N than peas (180 compared with 120 kg N ha-1) and all three lupins contained more protein (> 30%) than the peas (22%). Wodjil was the most effective at suppressing weeds, carrying only 12% of the weed burden found in fallow plots, followed by peas (19%). Winter leaching amounted to > 50 kg nitrate-N ha-1 from under the winter cereal, regardless of whether the previous treatment was a legume crop or was left fallow. There were no significant differences in leaching between the three species of lupin. Leachate in the first 350 mm of drainage under the winter cereal exceeded the EU limit on nitrate in drinking water in all treatments. This work is part of a wider collaborative study supported by Defra which covers a range of UK sites

Bestimmung der N-Fixierung unterschiedlicher Wintererbsengenotypen im Vergleich zu einer Sommererbse in Rein- und Gemengesaat

In organic farming the cultivation of leguminous crops is one of the most important sources of nitrogen (N). However, regarding the amount of N fixed, there are hardly any published data for winter peas. Therefore, the N fixation of five regular leafed winter peas types and one semi-leafless spring pea cultivar in single and mixed cropping (with winter rye spring cereals respectively) was measured in four successive growing seasons (2003/04 – 2006/07) at the experimental farm of the University of Kassel and in two consecutive vegetation periods (2005/06 - 2006/07) at the experimental farm of the University of Applied Science in Osnabrueck. The amount of N fixed was calculated according to the extended difference method at the beginning of flowering and at grain harvest. N fixation was usually higher for winter peas than for spring pea. At the beginning of flowering the amount of N fixed in pure stands was with a mean value of 92 kg ha-1 for winter peas and 29 kg ha-1 for the spring pea higher than in mixture with a mean value of 42 and 15 kg ha-1 respectively. At grain harvest the amount of N fixed for the spring pea in pure stands was higher than in mixtures with a mean of 65 and 33 kg ha-1 respectively. On the other hand the N fixation for winter peas was usually comparable in pure and mixed stands with a mean of 100 and 86 kg ha-1 respectively. This was a consequence of the higher pea grain yield in mixture than in pure stands and of a reduced biomass (leaves) loss in mixtures. Therefore, regular leaf winter peas can contribute to the N supply of the crop rotation better than spring peas

Effect of different sowing densities in mixed cultivation of blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) with spring crops on yield and quality

The aim of this investigation was to optimise the yield percentage of blue lupins in mixed cropping systems. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Northern Germany (Institute of Organic Farming near Hamburg and Institute of Plant and Soil Science at Braunschweig). Two types of blue lupins, the determinate and branched type were cultivated together with spring barley, spring wheat or fodder peas in different seeding ratios (SR): 50% : 50%, 62,5% : 37,5 % and 75% : 25% of the respective pure cropping seeding rate. We present data on total grain yield, yield of blue lupins, yield percentage of blue lupins, protein content, and protein yield. Total grain yield decreased with increasing SR of blue lupins whereas, in contrast, the yield of blue lupins, protein content and protein yield increased. This shows the low competitive ability of blue lupins against the mixed cropping partners, particularly cereals. Therefore, the yield percentage of blue lupins in mixed cropping with cereals did not reach more than 25%. From the view of plant production and the purpose of animal nutrition the percentage of grain legumes should be higher and comparable to those of other crop mixtures like peas with spring barley or beans with oat

Wintererbsenanbau: Ökonomische Aspekte für Praxisbetriebe

The use of winter peas becomes more and more common in organic agriculture. In field trials, winter pea-triticale intercrops were compared with spring peas concerning their yield performance. The differences in gross margins were calculated by using data from origin farms. Savings in seed costs (-136 €/ha) and machine costs (-13 €/ha) could be gained by replacing spring pea sole crops with winter pea-triticale intercrops. Additionally, there were yield increases of 33 % for intercropped winter peas, which resulted in an extra benefit of 378 €/ha. Aside from that, the intercropped triticale provides an extra income

Native budworm

The native budworm (Helicoverpa punctigera or, as it was known, Heliothis punctigera) is native to Australia and is distributed, particularly during spring, throughout much of the central and southern regions of the country. It is the major pest of all grain legumes, although pea weevil is equally important in field peas. It also attacks most oilseed crops, some vegetables, particularly tomato and sweet corn, and various pasture species such as clover and lucerne. In terms of production losses, field peas, chick peas, faba beans, tomatoes and lucerne are probably the most important hosts

Late Summer Cover Crop Trial

The Northwest Crops & Soils Program initiated a trial in Alburgh, VT to assess the potential for using annual ryegrass, oats, and winter peas as cover crops in Vermont. These species have not been commonly grown as cover crops in the region because they require an earlier establishment date compared to that of winter rye. Farmers are interested in finding alternative cover crops that may provide additional benefits over the standard practice. As an example, incorporating winter peas, a legume, would provide a nitrogen fixing cover crop to the system. Annual ryegrass may provide better soil cover and easier to manage levels of biomass in the spring compared to winter rye. Farmers are interested in oats as they would winter kill and hence, reduce the need for spring biomass management. In addition, these crops may provide a farm with an alternative feed source in the fall or early spring. To be successful with these alternative cover crops, it is important to know the proper planting date to provide the intended benefits. It is also essential to document if annual ryegrass and winter pea will survive the winter conditions of the region. Preliminary data collected in 2013 suggested that annual ryegrass must be planted earlier than winter grains to survive the winter. Only 8-11% of annual ryegrass planted in late September and/or mid-October survived the winter of 2013. Cover crop biomasses, percent soil cover, height, and forage quality of 2 varieties of winter peas, 3 varieties of annual ryegrass, and oats (Figure 1) were evaluated in 2014. Winter survival will be determined in the spring of 2015

Early Fall Cover Cropping Trial

Farmers are interested in expanding their cover crop options beyond winter rye. Species of interest include annual ryegrass, oats, vetch, winter pea, tillage radish, and canola. These species have not been commonly grown as cover crops in the region because they require an earlier establishment date compared to that of winter rye. Farmers are interested in finding alternative cover crops and cover crop mixtures that may provide additional benefits over the standard practice. As an example, incorporating winter peas or vetch would provide a nitrogen fixing cover crop to the system. Annual ryegrass may provide better soil cover and easier to manage level of biomass in the spring compared to winter rye. Farmers are interested in oats as they would winter kill and hence, reduce the need for spring biomass management. Tillage radish may help break up compacted soil layers and improve soil drainage

The nutritive value of lupins in sole cropping systems and mixed intercropping with spring cereals for grain production

In total 572 experimental plots were established at two sites during three years with different grain legume species, such as lupins, field beans and peas as well as mixed intercropping of different legumes or legumes with spring cereals for grain production. From all plots yield as well as quality and energy parameters of grains were analysed and the feed values calculated. Compared to soy bean meal yellow lupins have higher protein content but a low yield. While the energy content of lupins as feed for pigs, cattle and milking cows was only slightly higher than of soy bean meal, its feed energy for poultry was nearly comparable. In the case of mixed intercropping with spring cereals the feed energy content for pigs and cattle by using spring wheat or- barley as partner was higher than a comparable mixture of wheat and soy bean meal. The lowest feed energy contents were achieved with mixtures of legumes and oats. From the view of animal nutrition the parts of lupins in the mixed intercropping grains should be higher in the relation to spring cereals to increase especially the protein content

P, K, Mg, S und N-Versorgung von Mischfruchtanbausystemen mit Ölpflanzen im ökologischen Landbau

Oil crops can be integrated in organic crop rotations in mixed cropping with other crops. The cropping system achieves only low oilseed yields but increases productivity per area in total yield. In theory soil nutrients in mixed cropping systems can be used more efficiently due to different root architecture and growing times of the plants. But even the nutrient demand should increase with higher productivity. In the study nutri¬ent content and uptake of seeds and straw of mixtures of winter rape with winter-barley, peas, or rye, of spring peas with spring rape, mustard or false flax, of blue lupine with safflower or false flax, of spring wheat with linseed or false flax and of linseed with false flax were screened. Productivity per area was increased in many cases and nutrient contents of plants in the mixtures were frequently elevated com-pared to sole cropping systems. Nutrient demand of mixed cropping is elevated due to its higher productivity and often determined by the suppressive partner