The right to health as the basis for universal health coverage : a cross-national analysis of national medicines policies of 71 countries

Persistent barriers to universal access to medicines are limited social protection in the event of illness, inadequate financing for essential medicines, frequent stock-outs in the public sector, and high prices in the private sector. We argue that greater coherence between human rights law, national medicines policies, and universal health coverage schemes can address these barriers. We present a cross-national content analysis of national medicines policies from 71 countries published between 1990-2016. The World Health Organization's ( WHO) 2001 guidelines for developing and implementing a national medicines policy and all 71 national medicines policies were assessed on 12 principles, linking a health systems approach to essential medicines with international human rights law for medicines affordability and financing for vulnerable groups. National medicines policies most frequently contain measures for medicines selection and efficient spending/cost-effectiveness. Four principles ( legal right to health; government financing; efficient spending; and financial protection of vulnerable populations) are significantly stronger in national medicines policies published after 2004 than before. Six principles have remained weak or absent: pooling user contributions, international cooperation, and four principles for good governance. Overall, South Africa ( 1996), Indonesia and South Sudan ( 2006), Philippines ( 2011-2016), Malaysia ( 2012), Somalia ( 2013), Afghanistan ( 2014), and Uganda ( 2015) include the most relevant texts and can be used as models for other settings. We conclude that WHO's 2001 guidelines have guided the content and language of many subsequent national medicines policies. WHO and national policy makers can use these principles and the practical examples identified in our study to further align national medicines policies with human rights law and with Target 3.8 for universal access to essential medicines in the Sustainable Development Goals

Manajemen Madrasah sebagai Media Strategis Pendidikan Karakter

Character education in madrasah has a very strategic role in developing the character of students. This study aims to describe the strategy of character education through madrasah management at MTs Muhammadiyah 01 Purbalingga. The results showed that the character education in madrasah management has been integrated in the process of organizing, actuating, and controlling. Implementation of management in developing the character based on the six principles of character management, namely (1) clarity of purpose and accountability; (2) the division of tasks based on the principle of “the right man on the right place”; (3) regularly; (4) discipline; (5) fair; and (6) the spirit of togetherness

Scaling Social Impact in Europe

Social entrepreneurs -- a new form of entrepreneurship is paving the way. Entrepreneurs with a social mission are setting new priorities without discarding proven business principles. They rarely limit themselves to just one region, but want to make a difference for as many people as possible. And not only in their own country. After all, many social challenges can only be solved if good ideas and effective approaches are applied across borders.This is the first European study to examine both national and transnational scaling strategies and their success factors. A total of 358 social enterprises in six European countries were surveyed for this quantitative study, which provides a basis for further knowledge acquisition and serves as a decisionmaking tool that can help social enterprises choose the scaling strategy that is right for them

Analisis Sistem Kerja Produk Smock Menggunakan Studi Waktu dan Gerakan (Studi Kasus pada Quality Control And Packing Department PT Aceplas Indonesia)

For made to order company such as PT Aceplas Indonesia, meet the demand with the right quantity and quality is important. But unfortunately, the company was having trouble working part-time on QC and Packing which is one of the key delivery occurrences. Therefore, conducted an analysis of the work system by using time and motion study to find out the root of the problems that exist. From the results of the study obtained six principles of motion economy that does not match the work system. From a working system that is not suitable, a new work system design is made that is more in line with the economic motion. The results obtained that the new work system that adapts to the motion economy principle have smaller working time amounted to  88%  for sealing and 28% for packing.&nbsp

Design Principals of Social Navigation

8th Delos Workshop on "User Interfaces for Digital Libraries" (on 21 October it will be held in conjuction with the 4th ERCIM Workshop on "User Interfaces for All"), SICS, Kista, Sweden, 21-23 October 1998PERSON

The Rules of Competition Within the European Common Market

Ultra wideband (UWB) radio for communication has several challenges. From the physical layer perspective, asignaling technique should be optimally designed to work in synergy with the underneath hardware to achievemaximum performance. In this paper, we propose a variant of pulse position modulation (PPM) for physical layersignaling, which can achieve raw bitrate in excess of 150 Mbps on a low complexity in-house developed impulseradio UWB platform. The signaling system is optimized to maximize bitrate under practical constraints of lowcomplexity hardware and regulatory bodies. We propose a detector and derive its theoretical performance boundsand compare the performance in simulation in terms of symbol error rates (SER). Modifications to the signaling, whichcan increase the range by 4 times with a slight increase in hardware complexity, is proposed. Detectors for thismodification and a comparative study of the performance of the proposed UWB physical layer signaling schemes interms of symbol error rates are discussed.QC 20141023</p

Educational software reflecting two philosophical approaches to ethics education

Ethics education can vary considerably in its instructional strategies based on differences in the theoretical positions underlying the approach to moral development being stressed. Two such approaches are the 'justice' approach as exemplified by Kohlberg's six stages of moral development, and the 'care ethic' approach as exemplified by Gilligan's work on empathy as a base for moral decision-making. Each of these approaches can be demonstrated through different instructional strategies in the ethics education course, but each strategy is often difficult to execute in practice, given time and resource constraints

The Proceedings of the European Ombudsman

Given the severe institutional shortcomings of the European Ombudsman and the poor understanding of his duties among European citizens, the Ombudsman\u27s information strategy does not appear to have been very effective so far. With dedication and activism, the Ombudsman continues to travel tirelessly year after year, participating in conferences, seminars, meetings, and visits with officials of Community and national institutions in all of the 25 Member States