389,792 research outputs found
Parallel versus sequential update and the evolution of cooperation with the assistance of emotional strategies
Our study contributes to the debate on the evolution of cooperation in the single shot Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) played on networks. We construct a model in which individuals are connected with positive and negative ties. Some agents play sign-dependent strategies that use the sign of the relation as a shorthand for determining appropriate action toward the opponent. In the context of our model in which network topology, agent strategic types and relational signs coevolve, the presence of sign-dependent strategies catalyzes the evolution of cooperation. We highlight how the success of cooperation depends on a crucial aspect of implementation: whether we apply parallel or sequential strategy update. Parallel updating, with averaging of payoffs across interactions in the social neighborhood, supports cooperation in a much wider set of parameter values than sequential updating. Our results cast doubts about the realism and generalizability of models that claim to explain the evolution of cooperation but implicitly assume parallel updating.Our study contributes to the debate on the evolution of cooperation in the single-shot Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) played on networks. We construct a model in which individuals are connected with positive and negative ties. Some agents play sign-dependent strategies that use the sign of the relation as a shorthand for determining appropriate action toward the opponent. In the context of our model in which network topology, agent strategic types and relational signs coevolve, the presence of sign-dependent strategies catalyzes the evolution of cooperation. We highlight how the success of cooperation depends on a crucial aspect of implementation: whether we apply parallel or sequential strategy update. Parallel updating, with averaging of payoffs across interactions in the social neighborhood, supports cooperation in a much wider set of parameter values than sequential updating. Our results cast doubts about the realism and generalizability of models that claim to explain the evolution of cooperation but implicitly assume parallel updating
Dangers of ‘Facebook Login’ for Mobile Apps: Is There a Price Tag for Social Information?
Social networks offer horizontal integration for any mobile platform providing app users with a convenient single sign-on point. Nonetheless, there are growing privacy concerns regarding its use. These vulnerabilities trigger alarm among app developers who fight for their user base: While they are happy to act on users’ information collected via social networks, they are not always willing to sacrifice their adoption rate for this goal. So far, understanding of this trade-off has remained ambiguous. To fill this gap, we employ a discrete choice experiment to explore the role of Facebook Login and investigate the impact of accompanying requests for different information items / actions in the mobile app adoption process. We quantify users’ concerns regarding these items in monetary terms. Beyond hands-on insights for providers, our study contributes to the theoretical discourse on the value of privacy in the growing world of Social Media and mobile web
Parallel versus Sequential Update and the Evolution of Cooperation with the Assistance of Emotional Strategies
Our study contributes to the debate on the evolution of cooperation in the single-shot Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) played on networks. We construct a model in which individuals are connected with positive and negative ties. Some agents play sign-dependent strategies that use the sign of the relation as a shorthand for determining appropriate action toward the opponent. In the context of our model in which network topology, agent strategic types and relational signs coevolve, the presence of sign-dependent strategies catalyzes the evolution of cooperation. We highlight how the success of cooperation depends on a crucial aspect of implementation: whether we apply parallel or sequential strategy update. Parallel updating, with averaging of payoffs across interactions in the social neighborhood, supports cooperation in a much wider set of parameter values than sequential updating. Our results cast doubts about the realism and generalizability of models that claim to explain the evolution of cooperation but implicitly assume parallel updating
Active influence in dynamical models of structural balance in social networks
We consider a nonlinear dynamical system on a signed graph, which can be
interpreted as a mathematical model of social networks in which the links can
have both positive and negative connotations. In accordance with a concept from
social psychology called structural balance, the negative links play a key role
in both the structure and dynamics of the network. Recent research has shown
that in a nonlinear dynamical system modeling the time evolution of
"friendliness levels" in the network, two opposing factions emerge from almost
any initial condition. Here we study active external influence in this
dynamical model and show that any agent in the network can achieve any desired
structurally balanced state from any initial condition by perturbing its own
local friendliness levels. Based on this result, we also introduce a new
network centrality measure for signed networks. The results are illustrated in
an international relations network using United Nations voting record data from
1946 to 2008 to estimate friendliness levels amongst various countries.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Europhysics Letters
(http://www.epletters.net
Access regulation and the transition from copper to fiber networks in telecoms
In this paper we study the impact of different forms of access obligations on firms' incentives to migrate from the legacy copper network to ultra-fast broadband infrastructures. We analyze three different kinds of regulatory interventions: geographical regulation of access to copper networks-where access prices are differentiated depending on whether or not an alternative fiber network has been deployed; access obligations on fiber networks and its interplay with wholesale copper prices; and, finally, a mandatory switch-off of the legacy copper network-to foster the transition to the higher quality fiber networks. Trading-off the different static and dynamic goals, the paper provides guidelines and suggestions for policy makers' decision
Applications of Structural Balance in Signed Social Networks
We present measures, models and link prediction algorithms based on the
structural balance in signed social networks. Certain social networks contain,
in addition to the usual 'friend' links, 'enemy' links. These networks are
called signed social networks. A classical and major concept for signed social
networks is that of structural balance, i.e., the tendency of triangles to be
'balanced' towards including an even number of negative edges, such as
friend-friend-friend and friend-enemy-enemy triangles. In this article, we
introduce several new signed network analysis methods that exploit structural
balance for measuring partial balance, for finding communities of people based
on balance, for drawing signed social networks, and for solving the problem of
link prediction. Notably, the introduced methods are based on the signed graph
Laplacian and on the concept of signed resistance distances. We evaluate our
methods on a collection of four signed social network datasets.Comment: 37 page
Signed Networks in Social Media
Relations between users on social media sites often reflect a mixture of
positive (friendly) and negative (antagonistic) interactions. In contrast to
the bulk of research on social networks that has focused almost exclusively on
positive interpretations of links between people, we study how the interplay
between positive and negative relationships affects the structure of on-line
social networks. We connect our analyses to theories of signed networks from
social psychology. We find that the classical theory of structural balance
tends to capture certain common patterns of interaction, but that it is also at
odds with some of the fundamental phenomena we observe --- particularly related
to the evolving, directed nature of these on-line networks. We then develop an
alternate theory of status that better explains the observed edge signs and
provides insights into the underlying social mechanisms. Our work provides one
of the first large-scale evaluations of theories of signed networks using
on-line datasets, as well as providing a perspective for reasoning about social
media sites
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