3 research outputs found
Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: A Survey from an Application Perspective
Underwater acoustic communications are different from terrestrial radio communications; acoustic channel is asymmetric and has large and variable endātoāend propagation delays, distanceādependent limited bandwidth, high bit error rates, and multiāpath fading. Besides, nodesā mobility and limited battery power also cause problems for networking protocol design. Among them, routing in underwater acoustic networks is a challenging task, and many protocols have been proposed. In this chapter, we first classify the routing protocols according to application scenarios, which are classified according to the number of sinks that an underwater acoustic sensor network (UASN) may use, namely singleāsink, multiāsink, and noāsink. We review some typical routing strategies proposed for these application scenarios, such as crossālayer and reinforcement learning as well as opportunistic routing. Finally, some remaining key issues are highlighted