2 research outputs found
A Novel Hybrid Opportunistic Scalable Energy Efficient Routing Design For Low Power, Lossy Wireless Sensor Networks
Opportunistic Routing (OR) scheme increases the transmission reliability
despite the lossy wireless radio links by exploiting the broadcast nature of
the wireless medium. However, OR schemes in low power Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN) leads to energy drain in constrained sensor nodes due to constant
overhearing, periodic beaconing for Neighbourhood Management (NM) and increase
in packet header length to append priority wise sorted Forwarding Candidates
Set (FCS) prior to data transmission. The focus of this work is to propose a
hybrid opportunistic energy efficient routing design for large scale, low power
and lossy WSN. This design avoids periodic 'hello' beacons for NM, limits
constant overhearing and increase in packet header length. There are two modes
of operation i) opportunistic ii) unicast mode. The sender node adopts
opportunistic forwarding for its initial data packet transmission and instead
of pre-computing the FCS, it is dynamically computed in a completely
distributed manner. The nodes part of FCS based on cross layered multi-metrics
and fuzzy decision logic determines its priority level to compute Dynamic
Holding Delay (DHD) for effective timer coordination. The differentiated back
off implementation along with DHD enables the higher priority candidate that
had received data packet to forward the packet first and facilitates others to
cancel its timer upon overhearing. The sender node switches to unicast mode for
successive transmissions to achieve energy efficiency till link-level
transmission error occur. Opportunistic mode is used as the first and last
resort to increase the transmission reliability. Simulation results in NS2 show
significant increase in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), decrease in both average
energy consumption per node and Normalized Energy Consumption (NEC) per packet
in comparison with existing protocols
Opportunistic Routing Metrics: A Timely One-Stop Tutorial Survey
High-speed, low latency, and heterogeneity features of 5G, as the common
denominator of many emerging and classic wireless applications, have put
wireless technology back in the spotlight. Continuous connectivity requirement
in low-power and wide-reach networks underlines the need for more efficient
routing over scarce wireless resources, in multi-hp scenarios. In this regard,
Opportunistic Routing (OR), which utilizes the broadcast nature of wireless
media to provide transmission cooperation amongst a selected number of
overhearing nodes, has become more promising than ever. Crucial to the overall
network performance, which nodes to participate and where they stand on the
transmission-priority hierarchy, are decided by user-defined OR metrics
embedded in OR protocols. Therefore, the task of choosing or designing an
appropriate OR metric is a critical one. The numerousness, proprietary
notations, and the objective variousness of OR metrics can cause the interested
researcher to lose insight and become overwhelmed, making the metric selection
or design effort-intensive. While there are not any comprehensive OR metrics
surveys in the literature, those who partially address the subject are
non-exhaustive and lacking in detail. Furthermore, they offer limited insight
regarding related taxonomy and future research recommendations. In this paper,
starting with a custom tutorial with a new look to OR and OR metrics, we devise
a new framework for OR metric design. Introducing a new taxonomy enables us to
take a structured, investigative, and comparative approach to OR metrics,
supported by extensive simulations. Exhaustive coverage of OR metrics,
formulated in a unified notation, is presented with sufficient details.
Self-explanatory, easy-to-grasp, and visual-friendly quick references are
provided, which can be used independently from the rest of the paper.Comment: 41 Pages, 28 figure