20 research outputs found

    On the normality of pp-ary bent functions

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    Depending on the parity of nn and the regularity of a bent function ff from Fpn\mathbb F_p^n to Fp\mathbb F_p, ff can be affine on a subspace of dimension at most n/2n/2, (nโˆ’1)/2(n-1)/2 or n/2โˆ’1n/2- 1. We point out that many pp-ary bent functions take on this bound, and it seems not easy to find examples for which one can show a different behaviour. This resembles the situation for Boolean bent functions of which many are (weakly) n/2n/2-normal, i.e. affine on a n/2n/2-dimensional subspace. However applying an algorithm by Canteaut et.al., some Boolean bent functions were shown to be not n/2n/2- normal. We develop an algorithm for testing normality for functions from Fpn\mathbb F_p^n to Fp\mathbb F_p. Applying the algorithm, for some bent functions in small dimension we show that they do not take on the bound on normality. Applying direct sum of functions this yields bent functions with this property in infinitely many dimensions.Comment: 13 page

    Secondary constructions of vectorial pp-ary weakly regular bent functions

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    In \cite{Bapic, Tang, Zheng} a new method for the secondary construction of vectorial/Boolean bent functions via the so-called (PU)(P_U) property was introduced. In 2018, Qi et al. generalized the methods in \cite{Tang} for the construction of pp-ary weakly regular bent functions. The objective of this paper is to further generalize these constructions, following the ideas in \cite{Bapic, Zheng}, for secondary constructions of vectorial pp-ary weakly regular bent and plateaued functions. We also present some infinite families of such functions via the pp-ary Maiorana-McFarland class. Additionally, we give another characterization of the (PU)(P_U) property for the pp-ary case via second-order derivatives, as it was done for the Boolean case in \cite{Zheng}

    Part I:

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    Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Alloys

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    In many industrial applications, metallic materials are exposed to harsh operating conditions. Due to a combination of chemical and thermal stresses, the constructional and functional materials are degraded, and their utility properties are lost. These undesirable events are of a physicochemical nature and are commonly known as โ€˜corrosionโ€™. In this Special Issue Book, 3 reviews and 18 original research papers focused on the complex relationships between the microstructure, phase constitution, and corrosion behavior of metallic materials are collected. Both high temperature and low temperature corrosion studies are included as they investigate the physicochemical processes at the material interfaces. Furthermore, possibilities for increasing the corrosion resistance of metallic materials are studied by means of surface modification and application of protective layers. This Special Issue Book, Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Alloys, displays the diversity and complexity of modern corrosion research. It is hoped that it will become a valuable source of reference for corrosion scientists

    ๋น™ํ•˜ ํ›„ํ‡ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ทน์ง€์—ญ ํ† ์–‘ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ฒœ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2022. 8. ์ด์€์ฃผ.Glacier forelands have long fascinated ecologists and soil scientists by providing ideal places to study the patterns and processes of ecological succession. Previous studies on ecological succession in glacier forelands have focused mainly on the vegetation development or pedogenesis, but relatively less attention has been paid to microbial succession, especially in polar regions such as the High Arctic and Antarctica. In addition, former studies on microbial succession have typically focused on a single taxonomic group and often lack the examination on chemical turnover of organic substrates corresponding to biological turnover, resulting in a limited understanding of microbial succession in glacier forelands. In order to get a comprehensive understanding of microbial succession in glacier forelands of polar regions, this thesis aimed to investigate the successional changes of microbial communities in both the biological aspects (e.g., taxonomic compositions, functional profiles, and interactions between microbial groups) and the chemical aspects (e.g., diversity and compositional changes of dissolved organic matters). To acquire the knowledge on microbial community succession at the very early successional stages prior to plant colonization, the successional dynamics and assembly processes of bacterial and fungal communities were compared along a soil age gradient of 10 years on the Fourcade glacier foreland. Bacterial and fungal communities in recently deglaciated soils are largely decoupled from each other during succession and exert very divergent trajectories of succession and assembly under different selective forces. In addition to the study on successional patterns of microbial communities in unvegetated glacier forelands, the compositional changes of four different microbial communities (bacteria, fungi, protists, and archaea) and their interactions were investigated to gain a holistic view of microbial succession on a glacier foreland of the High Arctic along the 100 years of deglaciation. Overall, microbial community structures changed in a directional manner and environmental properties played a key role in the compositional changes following deglaciation. A higher proportion of the interactions between microbial groups in late than early soil-age gradients suggested that bacterial, fungal, and protistan communities less independently respond to glacier retreat along the soil-age gradient. Microbial succession involves not only changes in other biological communities but also at the same time changes in the diversity and composition of organic molecules mediated by biological processes. The successional dynamics of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its relationship with microbial communities were examined following deglaciation in the High Arctic. The succession of DOM followed a distinct pattern from the patterns of microbial communities but is strongly associated with biological soil crusts (BSCs). Also, the abundance and richness of DOM molecule showed closer relationships with potential metabolic capability and in situ activity than the taxonomic structure of microbial communities. This thesis advanced the understanding of microbial succession in newly exposed glacier forelands of polar regions by providing the knowledge on not only successional dynamics of various microbial communities but also multitrophic interactions following soil-age gradient since deglaciation. Additionally, this study provides novel insights into interactions between organic compounds and microbial communities during succession. Consequently, these results can advance our understanding of belowground microbial succession in deglaciated terrains of polar regions.๋น™ํ•˜ ํ›„ํ‡ด ์ง€์—ญ (glacier forelands)์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ์ฒœ์ด ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ง€๋‚œ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์ž์™€ ํ† ์–‘ํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ๋งค๋ฃŒ์‹œ์ผœ์™”๋‹ค. ๋น™ํ•˜ ํ›„ํ‡ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ์  ์ฒœ์ด (ecological succession)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‹์ƒ ์ฒœ์ด๋‚˜ ํ† ์–‘ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณ ์œ„๋„ ๋ถ๊ทน์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚จ๊ทน์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฒœ์ด (microbial succession)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฒœ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋Š” ๋น™ํ•˜ ํ›„ํ‡ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฒœ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทน์ง€์—ญ ๋น™ํ•˜ ํ›„ํ‡ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฒœ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ ์ž ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฒœ์ด์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ธก๋ฉด (์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ, ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ)๊ณผ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ธก๋ฉด (์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์šฉ์กด ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”)์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ทน ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋น™ํ•˜ ํ›„ํ‡ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฒœ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ์–ป๊ณ ์ž ์„ธ๊ท  ๋ฐ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ์ฒœ์ด์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ํ›„ํ‡ดํ•œ ์ง€ ์•ฝ 10๋…„์—ฌ ์ง€๋‚œ ํฌ์ผ€์ด๋“œ(Fourcade) ๋น™ํ•˜ ํ›„ํ‡ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ทน ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋น™ํ•˜ ํ›„ํ‡ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ท ๊ณผ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ์ฒœ์ด๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉฐ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ํƒ์  ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์ฒœ์ด ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทน ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฒœ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ด์–ด, ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฒœ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๊ณ ์œ„๋„ ๋ถ๊ทน์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์•ฝ 100์—ฌ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ํ›„ํ‡ดํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋“ค (์„ธ๊ท , ์ง„๊ท , ์›์ƒ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ ์„ธ๊ท )์˜ ์ฒœ์ด ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋น™ํ•˜ ํ›„ํ‡ด ์ดํ›„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋†’์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท , ์ง„๊ท , ์›์ƒ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ (๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ) ๋น™ํ•˜ ํ›„ํ‡ด์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฒœ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ์ฒœ์ด ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—, ํ† ์–‘์˜ ์šฉ์กด ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฒœ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์œ„๋„ ๋ถ๊ทน์˜ ๋น™ํ•˜ ํ›„ํ‡ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ† ์–‘์˜ ์šฉ์กด ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฒœ์ด์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ biological soil crusts (BSCs)์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฉ์กด ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋Šฅ (potential metabolic capability) ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ (in situ activity)๊ณผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋น™ํ•˜ ํ›„ํ‡ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋“ค์˜ ์ฒœ์ด ํŒจํ„ด ๋ฐ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋น™ํ•˜ ํ›„ํ‡ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฒœ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฒœ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํ† ์–‘ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทน์ง€์—ญ ๋น™ํ•˜ ํ›„ํ‡ด ์ง€์—ญ ํ† ์–‘ ๋ฐ‘์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฒœ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. General Introduction 1 1.1. Ecological succession in glacier forelands 1 1.2. Microbial succession in glacier forelands 3 1.3. Objectives of this study 6 Chapter 2. Early-stage successional dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities in a recently deglaciated terrain of the maritime Antarctica 10 2.1. Introduction 11 2.2. Materials and Methods 14 2.2.1. Site description and sampling strategy 14 2.2.2. Soil physicochemical analysis and meteorological data 16 2.2.3. Abundances of bacteria and fungi 17 2.2.4. DNA extraction, amplicon sequencing, and community analysis 20 2.2.5. Bioinformatics analysis 21 2.2.6. Statistical analyses 22 2.2.7. Null model analysis 26 2.2.8. Co-occurrence network analysis 27 2.3. Results 27 2.3.1. Soil geochemistry and microbial abundance 27 2.3.2. Microbial taxa 32 2.3.3. Microbial alpha- and beta-diversity 37 2.3.4. Key drivers of microbial beta-diversity 46 2.3.5. Biotic interactions within- and between-taxonomic groups 47 2.4. Discussion 52 Chapter 3. Successional dynamics of microbial communities along a 100-year deglaciation gradient in the High Arctic 60 3.1. Introduction 61 3.2. Materials and Methods 63 3.2.1. Site description and sampling strategy 63 3.2.2. Soil physicochemical analysis 66 3.2.3. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis 67 3.2.4. RNA/DNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, amplicon sequencing, and community analysis 68 3.2.5. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing 69 3.2.6. Annotation of microbial functional groups 70 3.2.7. Statistical analyses 71 3.2.8. Network analysis 72 3.3. Results 73 3.3.1. Soil physicochemical properties and microbial biomass 73 3.3.2. Taxonomic composition of RNA-based and DNA -based microbial communities 77 3.3.3. Changing trends of microbial taxa in RNA- and DNA-based microbial communities 80 3.3.4. Changes in putative functional profiles and functional potential along the chronosequence 86 3.3.5. Microbial alpha- and beta-diversity 91 3.3.6. Key drivers of microbial beta-diversity 97 3.3.7. Biotic interactions within- and between-taxonomic groups 101 3.4. Discussion 105 Chapter 4. Chemical succession of dissolved organic matter (DOM) molecules and its relation to microbial communities in a deglaciated foreland of the High Arctic 108 4.1. Introduction 109 4.2. Materials and Methods 116 4.2.1. Study site, soil sampling, soil physicochemical properties, and NDVI 116 4.2.2. Preparation of soil organic matter 116 4.2.3. FT-ICR MS analysis 117 4.2.4. Data processing and elemental composition assignments 117 4.2.5. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) chemodiversity and multivariate analysis 118 4.2.6. Chlorophyll a extraction 119 4.2.7. Long-read amplicon sequencing using LoopSeq 119 4.2.8. Statistical analyses 121 4.2.9. Network analysis 122 4.2.10. Community-level physiological profiles 123 4.3. Results 124 4.3.1. General characteristics of DOM compounds in the foreland of Midtre Lovรฉnbreen 121 4.3.2. Changes in DOM characteristics along the gradient of time since deglaciation 121 4.3.3. Underlying mechanisms and primary drivers of DOM compositional changes 134 4.3.4. Network associations between N-containing DOM compounds and microbial OTUs 141 4.4. Discussion 151 Chapter 5. Conclusion 158 References 161 Appendix 179 Abstract in Korean(๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก) 229๋ฐ•
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