Arab Countries’ (Under) Participation In The WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism

The purpose of the present article is two-fold. First, the article examines the reasons as to why Arab countries do not actively participate in WTO dispute settlement proceedings.17 Trade volume, lack of technical expertise, financial strains, political relations, enforcement, and language problems eachplay a role in Arab countries under-participation and are discussed herein. Second, the article provides possible avenues through which Arab countries can enhance their presence in the WTO dispute settlement process. In the process of examining these issues, the article highlights the case(s) in which Arab countries participated in the WTO dispute settlement system. However, before addressing these issues, the article will briefly discuss the development of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism

The countryside of Roman Britain: a Gallic perspective

The publication of the RurLand project (Rural Landscape in North-East Gaul) has provided an opportunity to compare methodologies and results with those of The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain Project. Two themes, which draw out the asymmetrical development of settlement in the two regions, are examined: the very different impacts of the Roman Conquest of Gaul and of Britain on settlement numbers and settlement continuity, and the development of the agricultural economy and its relationship with the frontiers of Britain and Germany, as reflected in the growth and decline of villa estates in Britain and Gaul

New marketing strategies in the development of regions, cities and settlements (villages)

Regional- and settlement marketing (in the following: RSM) is a relatively young but dynamically developing branch of the science and practice of marketing. On the basis of the experience of the international as well as national regions and cities producing successful and impressive development it is often referred to as "wonder weapon" in the field of rural development. The task of RSM - to cut it short - is nothing else but the exploring of the competitiveness, comparative advantages and attraction of the region, the settlement, as well as the supporting of their realization and communication in the interest of the multifold aims concerning development, economics and lifestyle. In Hungary, RSM has been established by the increase of the self-governing independence in parallel with the multiplication of the relevant functions and tasks, the great extent of development differences among the various parts of the country, the resulting economic difficulties as well as by the new economic forms aiming at the exploitation of the new opportunities arising from the market economic development.RSM, consolidation of the service (tertiary) sector, endogenous development, new marketing strategies, regional-, city- as well as settlement planning, target groups, SWOT, segmentation of market, differentiated segmentation strategy, concentrated segmentation strategy, decentralization, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Marketing,

No finer school than a settlement: the development of the educational settlement movement

No abstract available

URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: A HUMAN SETTLEMENT PERSPECTIVE

This paper examines and analyses the historical development of Zimbabwean towns and cities with a view to tracing and understanding policy directions, urban spatial development trends and other factors such as population dynamics that may have led to the development of the present-day urban settlements in the country. The paper observes that whilst pre-colonial cities existed during the golden age of the Munhumutapa dynasty and empire, these had no influence on the modern town and city because they were too distant and their experiences had long been lost by the time the colonial town was introduced in the country, some four centuries later. Furthermore the paper observes that whilst policy may easily be changed or even reversed, it is a near impossibility to do the same with the spatial physical developments such as buildings and infrastructure – roads, water reticulation, sewerage reticulation and treatment works, railway lines, telecommunication lines and power lines. As a result of these realities the form and structure of our cities has remained to a large extent as originally conceived, designed and developed with perhaps some cosmetic changes in the form of redevelopments and densification of certain sectors or areas and sprawling expansion. This has also led to the many challenges of urban poverty, inadequate housing, inadequate provision of serves (potable clean water, energy, and garbage collection) and environmental quality - issues of pollution- the towns and cities are grappling with today typified by Harare and Chitungwiza, which are sited upstream of their water supply sources and as a result pollute them. The paper also notes that the socio-economic policies and political expedience by both the colonial and independent governments have had significant impacts on the morphology (shape, structure and population distribution) of towns and cities of Zimbabwe.urban, development, human settlement, population, colonial, services, morphology, demography.

Corporate Social Responsibility on the Zambian Mining Industry

This report presents the different approaches to CSR in Zambia among mining companies whose activities have huge impacts on the environment. The mining related issues raised in the report include health and safety, security, education, migrant and settlement patterns, environmental management, poverty reduction, job creation, local economic development, gender and HIV/AIDS

Mississippian Communities in the St. Francis Basin: A Central Place Model

The development of Mississippian settlement models for northeast Arkansas is reviewed. It is argued that a five-tier central place hierarchy best accounts for the variability currently known to exist among Mississippian communities in the St. Francis basin

Neighborhood Unit Concept To Maintain The Quality Of Settlement’s Environment In Perumahan Menara Kudus Area

The issue of ideal urban housing is frequently discussed in urban housing planning and development. The concept of ideal housing environment desired by urban community is comfortable and safe housing to reside and able to fulfill a well planning standard and environmentally sound. It shall have easy, safe, and comfortable access prioritizing pedestrians, infrastructure completeness, as well as enable the interaction among residents. This requirement is a universal ethic expected to be fulfilled in the housing area by its residents. This ideal condition of housing environment is then acknowledged as Habitat Bill of Rights. However, along with the urban development, housing area planning has been far implemented from the expected physical standard. This condition, in advance, will cause physical, social, and cultural quality degradation within a settlement area. Based on the high demand on ideal housing that is directly proportional to the environment quality degradation, it will be easier to find solutions by understanding Neighborhood Unit Concept, which is a concept focusing housing area planning in the smallest scope of the community. This paper aims to explain the concept of neighborhood in old settlement in Kudus – Indonesia which is characterized by Moslem religious in the area of Menara Kudus. The neighborhood unit concept implemented in Menara Kudus area has successfully united physical element of settlement with the community’s socio-cultural aspect so that the neighborhood social interaction among the residents are created by referring the similarity of the location and purpose. The residents’ capability to maintain the neighborhood unit makes the environment in this settlement better improved and sustainable. The balance between the residents’ physical and social closeness is indeed able to maintain the existence and sustainability of residents’ living quality I this housing environment to be better (comfortable, safe, accessible, and has good quality.

Does settlement plate material matter? The influence of substrate type on fouling community development

Benthic community composition and ascidian abundance can differ dramatically between adjacent man-made and natural substrates. Although multiple factors, including light exposure, surface orientation, predation exposure, and habitat type, are known to contribute to these patterns, few studies have directly tested the influence of substrate identity on community development. We compared fouling communities on settlement plates composed of commonly occurring natural (granite) and artificial (concrete, high density polyethylene, and PVC) marine materials deployed from late May to mid November 2014 from a floating dock in Newcastle, NH. We sought to determine if observed patterns resulted from differential recruitment onto substrate materials or post-settlement survival and growth. To do this, half of the plates were cleaned during bi-weekly examinations, and half were left un-cleaned. Preliminary analyses indicate that community composition differs between substrate types. These results will help us understand how substrate features contribute to non-native species establishment and habitat dominance, and may inform decisions regarding material usage in marine construction. These findings also underline the importance of settlement substrate choice in scientific studies, as plate material may influence experimental conclusions

Zróżnicowanie poziomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego w aspekcie ludność i osadnictwo na poziomie jednostek NUTS 4. Przykład Polski, Słowacji i Litwy

The aim of the study is to analyze disparities in socio-economic development in terms of population and settlement in supranational dimension. The analysis was carried out on the example of three countries: Poland, Slovakia and Lithuania and refers to units of local level – NUTS 4, with 379, 79, and 60, respectively, units. The time range of research covers the period 2000–2010. The main result of the analysis is identification of three types of areas: areas of growth, transition and stagnation in terms of the population-settlement for these three countries treated together as a single object at a local level (NUTS 4). We also investigate the spatial auto-correlation with the use of the global statistics I – Moran, together with an analysis of the local index of spatial dependence (LISA) and separate determinants that most affect the level of socio-economic development value measured by the synthetic index in terms of population and settlement at the local level.Celem opracowania jest analiza zróżnicowania poziomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego w aspekcie ludność i osadnictwo w wymiarze ponadkrajowym. Analiza prowadzona na przykładzie trzech państw: Polski, Słowacji i Litwy i odnosi się do jednostek poziomu lokalnego NUTS 4, które liczą odpowiednio 379, 79 i 60 jednostek. Zakres czasowy badań obejmuje lata 2000–2010. Podstawowym wynikiem przeprowadzonej analizy jest wydzielenie w układzie trzech państw na poziomie lokalnym (NUTS 4) obszarów wzrostu, przejściowych i stagnacji w aspekcie ludnościowo-osadniczym. Ponadto obliczono wartości lokalnej statystyki I – Morana wraz z analizą lokalnych współczynników zależności przestrzennej (LISA) i wydzielono determinanty, które najbardziej wpływają na wartości wskaźnika syntetycznego Ws w aspekcie ludność i osadnictwo na poziomie lokalnym