Analisis Kejelasan Dan Kelengkapan Teks Petunjuk Denah Pada Karangan Siswa Kelas VIII Di SMP Negeri 2 Sawit Boyolali

This study aimed to analyze the completeness and clarity of text instructions on the composition sketch eighth grade students at SMP Negeri 2 Sawit. The data used in this study is the composition students of SMP Negeri 2 Sawit. The data collection technique used is the technique of documentation. Data analysis method used is the method agih followed by insertion technique, expansion, and dressing. The results of this study are as follows. (1) Based on the analysis of the completeness of the number of sentences and the completeness of the plan of 15 discourse, there are 11 discourse incomplete and 4 discourse incomplete. (2) Based on an analysis of clarity sentence of 15 discourse, there are two discourses have a clear sentence, 3 discourse in which there is less clear sentences and 10 sentences of discourse in which there are not clear. Keywords: discourse, sentence, completeness and clarity

A Fine-Grained Hierarchy of Hard Problems in the Separated Fragment

Recently, the separated fragment (SF) has been introduced and proved to be decidable. Its defining principle is that universally and existentially quantified variables may not occur together in atoms. The known upper bound on the time required to decide SF's satisfiability problem is formulated in terms of quantifier alternations: Given an SF sentence $\exists \vec{z} \forall \vec{x}_1 \exists \vec{y}_1 \ldots \forall \vec{x}_n \exists \vec{y}_n . \psi$ in which $\psi$ is quantifier free, satisfiability can be decided in nondeterministic $n$-fold exponential time. In the present paper, we conduct a more fine-grained analysis of the complexity of SF-satisfiability. We derive an upper and a lower bound in terms of the degree of interaction of existential variables (short: degree)}---a novel measure of how many separate existential quantifier blocks in a sentence are connected via joint occurrences of variables in atoms. Our main result is the $k$-NEXPTIME-completeness of the satisfiability problem for the set $SF_{\leq k}$ of all SF sentences that have degree $k$ or smaller. Consequently, we show that SF-satisfiability is non-elementary in general, since SF is defined without restrictions on the degree. Beyond trivial lower bounds, nothing has been known about the hardness of SF-satisfiability so far.Comment: Full version of the LICS 2017 extended abstract having the same title, 38 page

A simple Example of Definitions of Truth, Validity, Consistency, and Completeness in Quantum Mechanics

Besides their use for efficient computation, quantum computers are a base for studying quantum systems that create valid physical theories using mathematics and physics. An essential part of the validation process for quantum mechanics is the development of a coherent theory of mathematics and quantum mechanics together. Such a theory should combine mathematical logical concepts with quantum mechanics. That this might be possible is shown here by defining truth, validity, consistency, and completeness for a quantum mechanical version of a simple classical expression enumeration machine described by Smullyan. It is seen that for an interpretation based on a Feynman path sum over expression path states, truth, consistency, and completeness have different properties than for the classical system. For instance the truth of a sentence S is defined only on the paths containing S. It is undefined elsewhere. Also S and its negation can both be true provided they appear on separate paths. This satisfies the definition of consistency. It is seen that validity and completeness connect the system dynamics to the truth of the sentences. It is proved that validity implies consistency. The requirements of validity and maximal completeness strongly restrict the possible dynamics of the system. Aspects of the existence of a valid, maximally complete dynamics are discussed. An exponentially efficient quantum computer is described that is also valid and complete.Comment: Revised description of quantum computer solution to existence problem, other minor clarifications, typos, 30 pages Revtex, no Figures. To Appear in Phys. Rev.

Hybrid type theory: a quartet in four movements

This paper sings a song -a song created by bringing together the work of four great names in the history of logic: Hans Reichenbach, Arthur Prior, Richard Montague, and Leon Henkin. Although the work of the first three of these authors have previously been combined, adding the ideas of Leon Henkin is the addition required to make the combination work at the logical level. But the present paper does not focus on the underlying technicalities (these can be found in Areces, Blackburn, Huertas, and Manzano [to appear]) rather it focusses on the underlying instruments, and the way they work together. We hope the reader will be tempted to sing along