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    Seismic Impact of Large Earthquakes on Estimating Global Mean Ocean Mass Change from GRACE

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    We analyze the impact of large earthquakes on the estimation of the global mean ocean mass (GMOM) change rate over the 13-year period (January 2003 to December 2015) using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Release-06 (RL06) monthly gravity solutions released by the Center for Space Research (CSR). We take into account the effects of the December 2004 Mw9.1 and April 2012 Mw8.6 Sumatra earthquakes, the March 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, and the February 2010 Mw8.8 Chile earthquake. After removing the co- and post-seismic effects of these earthquakes in the oceanic areas by least squares fitting, we estimate the GMOM rate from GRACE monthly observations. Results show that GRACE-observed GMOM rate before the seismic correction is 2.12 ยฑ 0.30 mm/year, while after correction the rate is 2.05 ยฑ 0.30 mm/year. Even though the โˆ’0.07 ยฑ 0.02 mm/year seismic influence on GRACE GMOM rate is small on a global scale, it is a systematic bias and should be considered for improved quantification and understanding of the global sea level change

    ์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ง€์˜ค์ด๋“œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋ณ€๋™

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021. 2. ์„œ๊ธฐ์›.ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ƒ์Šน์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ‰๊ท  ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น™ํ•˜ ์†์‹ค, ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ๋™ ์ง€์ง„ ๋˜๋Š” ํ›„ ์ง€์ง„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์˜ค์ด๋“œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) ์œ„์„ฑ ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณ„๋Š” 2002๋…„ 3์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2017๋…„ 10์›”์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ๋ก€์—†๋˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ๊ด‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ธก ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์˜ค์ด๋“œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด ๊ด€์ธก์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ›„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ˆ„์ถœ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ˆ„์ถœ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์œก์ง€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์˜์—ญ์„ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์˜ค์—ผ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฌผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ›„๋น™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜๋“ฑ(Post-glacial rebound)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ ์ฒด ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์ •์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ํ›„๋น™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜๋“ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณด์ • ํ›„์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ฉด ์กฐํ™” ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ €์ฐจ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ €๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋„๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ƒ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„, ํ˜น์€ ์ง€์—ญ์  ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์›์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์˜ค์ด๋“œ ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ตด๊ณก๊ณผ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ˆ„์ถœ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์†์ƒ๋œ GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›จ์”ฌ ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋„๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ FM (forward modeling)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์€ FM์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ง€๋ฌธ(Sea level fingerprint)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ˆ„์ถœ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ƒ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์ง€์˜ค์ด๋“œ ๋ฉด์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •๋ ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด๋„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, FM์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ˆ„์ถœ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ˆ„์ถœ์ด ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๊ด€์ธก๊ฐ’์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ก ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ง€๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ๋•Œ์— ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ›„๋น™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜๋“ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํƒ€์›๋„, ๊ทน์ถ• ์šด๋™ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค (์ž๊ธฐ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€). ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ •๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ด๋™ ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ์ข€๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๊ธฐ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํŠน์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ›„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋†’์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, 2003๋…„ 1์›”์—์„œ 2014๋…„ 12์›”๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋งŒ 12๋…„๊ฐ„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ‰๊ท  2.14 ยฑ 0.12 mm/yr์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ƒ์Šน ์ค‘์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์–‘ ๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋†’๋‚ฎ์ด์˜ ์ง€์˜ค์ด๋“œ ๋ฉด์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ถ๊ทนํ•ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ทน์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์†์‹ค๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ™์žก์„ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด๋„ -0.5 mm/yr์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์–‘์€ ์•ฝ 2.4 mm/yr์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ FM ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ง€๋ฌธ์€ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ˆ„์ถœ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ตญ์ง€์  ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ง€๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋ณ€ํ™”์—, ์ˆ˜์˜จ๊ณผ ์—ผ๋ถ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ ํšจ๊ณผ, ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•ด์ €๋ฉด์ด ๋ˆŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜์ค‘ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ„์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋„๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์ด ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ ๊ทผํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ณจ๋ผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ง€๋ฌธ์ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ˆ„์ถœ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ •๋œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ธ Mascon ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ’๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์œ„์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋„๊ณ„ ๊ด€์ธก๊ณผ ๋”์šฑ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตด๊ณก์ง„ ์ง€์˜ค์ด๋“œ ๋ฉด์„ ๊ด€์ธก์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ํฐ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์–ผ์Œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ ์ฒด ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์ ์ธ ์ง€์˜ค์ด๋“œ ๊ณ ๋„์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์  ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋ณ€๋™์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ด€์ธก ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํŠนํžˆ 2004๋…„ ์ˆ˜๋งˆํŠธ๋ผ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„๊ณผ 2011๋…„ ๋™์ผ๋ณธ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด์— GRACE ๊ด€์ธก์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ธต์ƒ์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜• ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์œ ํ•œํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค ์ง€์ง„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™ ์ง€์ง„(co-seismic) ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ธต์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ GRACE ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์—ญ์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„์ด ๋๋‚œ ๋’ค์— ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ›„ ์ง€์ง„(post-seismic) ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์•ฝ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊นŠ์ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ํฐ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. GRACE ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ˆ˜๋งˆํŠธ๋ผ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๋™์ผ๋ณธ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 9.3๊ณผ 9.1๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์ง„ ์‹œ์ ์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 7 mm์™€ 4 mm์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์˜ค์ด๋“œ ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฝ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ›„ ์ง€์ง„ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š”, ๋‘ ์ง€์ง„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•˜๋ถ€์˜ ์—ฐ์•ฝ๊ถŒ์ด ์ตœ์†Œ 60-70 km ๊นŠ์ด ์•„๋ž˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์ค‘ ์ ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์ง„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ ์ง„์•™ ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋งŒ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๋•Œ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.Sea level change due to ocean mass increase is the most significant contributor to present-day global mean sea level (GMSL) rise. Understanding geoid varia-tions from various geophysical processes such as ice melting, long-term hydrological regime change, and co- and post-seismic effect are critical in esti-mating precise mass sea level change. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Ex-periment (GRACE) satellite gravimeter has provided important observations for the geoid changes with substantially improved accuracy from March 2002 to October 2017. However, quantifying precise mass sea level change using GRACE data has been challenging due to limitations of GRACE data. Ordinary post-processing steps of GRACE data create significant signal leakage effect, and the low-degree spherical harmonics (SH) coefficients involve relatively higher uncertainties. These issues have been major uncertainties in both global and regional scale estimates for ocean mass change governed by geoid variation. In this dissertation, time-varying ocean mass distribution conforming to geoid change due to various causes is estimated after addressing GRACE limitations. Here, a method called forward modeling (FM) is importantly used to correct the signal leakages included in GRACE data and to provide reasonable global surface mass changes at high resolution. Further, alternative mass sea level changes are estimated from sea level fingerprint (SLF) computation using FM solutions. Combined method of SLF and FM successfully provides spatially variable mass sea level changes with greatly reduced uncertainties due to the signal leakage effect. Secondly, comparing SLF (estimation) and leakage-corrected GRACE data using FM (observation) for ocean mass changes also enables to evaluate uncertainties of the low-degree SH coefficients associated with imperfect pole tide correction and inaccurate estimation of dynamic oblateness in GRACE data. Further, effects from geocenter (degree-1) changes, which are omitted in GRACE solutions, are suitably computed based on the high-resolution surface mass changes. After correcting leakage effect and incorporating the most preferable treatments for the low-degree SH coefficients of GRACE data, global sea level trend due to ocean mass increase is estimated to be 2.14 ยฑ 0.12 mm/yr for 2003-2014, and more importantly, there are evident variations of basin-scale ocean mass changes. In the Arctic Ocean, ocean mass is decreasing by rate of about -0.5 mm/yr, probably due to geoid drop resulted from ice mass loss in nearby polar region. On the other hand, oceans in the Southern Hemisphere such as the Indian and South Atlantic Oceans show the largest rise rate by about 2.4 mm/yr, resulting from southward migration of the center of mass of the Earth. Since SLF estimates from FM solutions effectively exclude signal contamination along coastlines, it can also provide an improved estimate of total sea level changes over coastal regons. Total sea level changes provided from altimetry observation correspond to combined contributions of ocean mass change, volumetric sea surface height change (steric change), and deformation of ocean floor due to load. The comparison shows that total sea level changes estimated using SLF as the mass component are in good agreement with the altimetry observation, compared with alternative leakage-eliminated solutions such as Mascons. This finding provides another observational evidence of spatially variable ocean mass change associated with geoid shape. Besides water and ice mass redistribution, earthquakes also results in significant local geoid changes, and their effects should be corrected to understand ocean mass changes associated with climate change. For example, GRACE data shows strong geoid perturbation due to co- and post-seismic changes of 2004 Sumatra-Andaman and 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquakes. Here, gravitational responses due to these two earthquake events are simulated using finite fault models buried in layered spherical Earth considering the normal mode summation. Co-seismic gravity changes are greatly influenced by the slip vectors, which are estimated using least square solution with the fixed fault geometry. Asthenosphere viscosity and lithosphere thickness are inferred from temporal evolution of the post-seismic relaxation. Estimated moment magnitudes based on GRACE data indicates Mw 9.3 for Sumatra-Andaman and Mw 9.1 for Tohoku-Oki events, and corresponding the maximum co-seismic geoid changes are estimated by about -7 mm and -4 mm around the epicenters followed by post-seismic changes, respectively. Further, both post-seismic relaxations commonly indicate similar Earth profile beneath those re-gions with bi-viscous rheology and 60-70 km of thickness of elastic layer. It is necessary to correct these co- and post-seismic geoid change effects from GRACE data prior to FM to estimate enhanced SLF solution solely caused by climate change.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Background 5 2.1 Gravitational potential 6 2.1.1 Potential due to point mass 6 2.1.2 Love numbers 9 2.1.3 Addition theorem and spherical harmonics 10 2.1.4 Relations between geoid and surface mass changes 13 2.2 Forward modeling and sea level equation 18 2.2.1 Forward modeling 18 2.2.2 Sea level equation 21 2.2 Gravity changes from earthquakes 25 2.3.1 Gravity disturbance and anomaly 25 2.3.2 Generalized linear inversion 29 Chapter 3. Mass sea level change from the self-consistent GRACE data 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Data and method 37 3.2.1 Data used in this chapter 37 3.2.2 Global forward modeling algorithm 38 3.2.3 A second estimate of ocean mass redistribution 39 3.3 Results 40 3.3.1 Self-consistency test using synthetic data set 40 3.3.2 Self-consistency test using GRACE data 43 3.3.3 Degree-1 estimates 52 3.3.4 Full mass sea level changes 56 3.4 Discussion 60 Chapter 4. Sea level fingerprint and regional sea level change 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Data and method 64 4.2.1 Sea level budget equation 64 4.2.2 Data used in this chapter 64 4.3 Results 69 4.3.1 Ocean mass changes 69 4.3.2 Total sea level changes 72 4.3.3 Regional sea level rise contributors 74 4.3.4 Regional mass sea level change near the Korean peninsula 76 4.4 Discussion 78 Chapter 5. Geoid change due to earthquake 79 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Data and method 81 5.3 Results 85 5.3.1 Co-seismic changes 85 5.3.2 Post-seismic changes 88 5.3.3 Geoid changes 89 5.4 Discussion 93 Chapter 6. Conclusions 94 References 97 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์š”์•ฝ 112Docto
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