Economic Adversity and Entrepreneurship-led Growth - Lessons from the Indian Software Sector

It is commonly believed that the business environment in developing countries does not allow productive technology-based entrepreneurship to flourish. In this paper, we draw on the experience of Indian software firms where entrepreneurial growth has belied these predictions. This paper argues that the business models chosen by Indian firms were those that best aligned the country's abundant labour resources and advantages to global demand. Many potentially higher value added opportunities struggled to attain success, but the qualitative value of experimental failures and the capability gaps they exposed was invaluable for collective managerial learning in the industry. Second, the paper also shows that the presence of growth opportunities and the success of firms stimulated institutional evolution to promote entrepreneurial growth. Last we show that the distinctive aggregate contribution of entrepreneurial firms was that they outperformed business houses and multinational subsidiaries in their more productive use of available capital resources whilst achieving similar levels of growth in output and employment. This paper draws upon an earlier shorter paper co-authored with Mike Hobday and titled 'Overcoming Development Adversity: How Entrepreneurs Led Software Development in India'.technology entrepreneurship, institutions and economic development, Indian software, intellectual property rights

Economic Adversity and Entrepreneurship-led Growth: Lessons from the Indian Software Sector

It is commonly believed that the business environment in developing countries does not allow productive technology-based entrepreneurship to flourish. In this paper, we draw on the experience of Indian software firms where entrepreneurial growth has belied these predictions. This paper argues that the business models chosen by Indian firms were those that best aligned the country’s abundant labour resources and advantages to global demand. Many potentially higher value added opportunities struggled to attain success, but the qualitative value of experimental failures and the capability gaps they exposed was invaluable for collective managerial learning in the industry. Second, the paper also shows that the presence of growth opportunities and the success of firms stimulated institutional evolution to promote entrepreneurial growth. Last we show that the distinctive aggregate contribution of entrepreneurial firms was that they outperformed business houses and multinational subsidiaries in their more productive use of available capital resources whilst achieving similar levels of growth in output and employment. This paper draws upon an earlier shorter paper co-authored with Mike Hobday and titled 'Overcoming Development Adversity: How Entrepreneurs Led Software Development in India'.Technology entrepreneurship, institutions and economic development, Indian software, intellectual property rights

AGGLOMERATION AND GROWTH: A STUDY OF THE CAMBRIDGE HI-TECH CLUSTER

This chapter is an empirical study of the growth and change in the Cambridge high technology cluster. Cambridge shows the paradoxical co- existence of vastly smaller scale outcomes but many qualitative similarities to Silicon Valley. Our main questions from the empirical enquiry in this chapter are broad: First, how has the Cambridge hi- technology cluster changed and grown overtime? Secondly, we are interested in what sorts of microeconomic factors explain these bigger changes. With an understanding of these two questions we draw some implications of the Cambridge story for our understanding of what kinds of agglomeration economies and externalities were important to the growth of the Cambridge cluster. The failure of Cambridge to globalise to the same degree as Silicon Valley, we argue, accounts for the dissimilarities in the two experiencesclustering and growth, cambridge hi-technology

R Aquarii spectra revisited by SUMA

We analyse the optical spectra and the UV spectral evolution of the jets and of the HII region inside the R Aquarii binary system by the code SUMA which consistently accounts for shock and photoionization. The temperature of the hot star results 80,000 K as for a white dwarf. We find that the shock velocity in the NE jet increased between 1983 and 1989. The spectral evolution between 1989 and 1991 of the SW jet indicates that a larger contribution from low density-velocity matter affects the 1991 spectra. The evolution of the UV spectra from 8/11/1980 to 26/5/1991 in the HII region indicates that the reverse shock is actually a standing shock. The results obtained by modelling the line spectra are cross-checked by the fit of the continuum SED. It is found that a black-body temperature of 2800 K reproduces the radiation from the red giant. A black-body emission component corresponding to 1000 K is emitted by dust in the surrounding of the red giant. Model calculations confirm that the radio emission is of thermal origin. We found that the NE jet bulk emission is at a distance of about 2 (15) cm from the internal system, while the distance of the SW jet bulk is about 6 (14) cm. The distance of the reverse shock from the hot source in the internal region is < 9 (13) cm.Comment: 9 pages, MN LaTeX style (including 6 Tables) + 5 PostScript figures. To appear in The Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Societ

MORSE: Semantic-ally Drive-n MORpheme SEgment-er

We present in this paper a novel framework for morpheme segmentation which uses the morpho-syntactic regularities preserved by word representations, in addition to orthographic features, to segment words into morphemes. This framework is the first to consider vocabulary-wide syntactico-semantic information for this task. We also analyze the deficiencies of available benchmarking datasets and introduce our own dataset that was created on the basis of compositionality. We validate our algorithm across datasets and present state-of-the-art results