Epistemolojik Katmanlar: 18. Yüzyıl Ortası Avrupa Kültürü Örneği Üzerine Kültürel Paradigmalardaki Değişimlerin Analizi

Before this study, the author was tasked with identifying general tendencies of changes in values and dominant ideas in all spheres of cognition. During the study different branches of knowledge of one period and one civilization area are compared. The author analyzes the tendencies developed in them. He chooses the example of the mid-18th century European culture. The article considers changes in scientific paradigms of philosophy, economics, linguistics, and natural sciences. Thus, in all areas of scientific knowledge, there is a tendency of interest in nature. In particular, in the philosophy, the idea of the value of the man’s natural state advocated Rousseau in his "ode to human nature," in the economics of this period, a significant contribution belongs to Quesnay and Turgot, the founders of the physiocratic school, who changed the concept of capital and showed the value of nature. Linguists Dumarsais, de Condillac and de Gebelin made a significant breakthrough in language learning, namely by the interest in natural languages. In the natural sciences, scientists also actively studied nature; in particular, it refers to the discovery of the Lavoisier’s theory of combustion, and the redefinition of the Linnaeus’s classification of animals and plants

Hermeneutics and Nature

This paper contributes to the on-going research into the ways in which the humanities transformed the natural sciences in the late Eighteenth and early Nineteenth Centuries. By investigating the relationship between hermeneutics -- as developed by Herder -- and natural history, it shows how the methods used for the study of literary and artistic works played a crucial role in the emergence of key natural-scientific fields, including geography and ecology

Une harmonie en arrière

International audienceLes idées simples ont la vie dure en philosophie. Bergson philosophe de l'élan vital, certes. Mais qui se souvient que l'élan est fini ? Qui se souvient que cette force métaphysique n'est cause des effets qu'elle produit qu'en prenant " corps avec ceux-ci " et en étant " déterminé par eux autant qu'elle les détermine " . Drôle de force métaphysique en vérité. Peut-on dire que l'élan vital est une force immanente, et qu'il s'oppose ainsi à l'idée d'un Dieu transcendant ? Mais que veut dire le mot " immanent " ? Si l'on s'en tient à l'un de ses plus fameux usages, il est lié chez Spinoza à l'idée de substance divine, qui est " en soi " et " conçue par soi ", substance dont la proposition 11 du Livre I de l'Ethique atteste qu'elle est également " cause de soi ". Son essence enveloppe donc son existence, propriété justement essentielle qui la définit comme force auto-déterminante. Comment donc cette substance, cause immanente de tous les modes qui suivent de la seule nécessité de sa nature par la médiation de l'entendement divin, pourrait-elle être l'effet des effets qu'elle produit ? Dire que l'élan est fini, c'est dire qu'il est lui-même causé par quelque chose, c'est dire que son essence ne précède donc pas son existence, existence qui ne suit pas de cette dernière comme un simple prédicat de sa substance

The fate of William Whewell’s four palætiological domains : a comparative study

In 1847, the British polymath William Whewell pointed out that the sciences for which he, in 1837, had coined the term “palætiological” have much in common and that they may reflect light upon each other by being treated together. This recommendation is here put into practice in a specific way, to wit, not by comparing the palaetiological sciences that Whewell distinguished himself but by comparing the general historical development of the scientific study of the four broad palætiological domains that he enumerated in 1847: the solar system, the Earth, its vegetable and animal creation, and man. For wide and various as their subjects are, it will be found that [the palætiological sciences] have all certain principles, maxims, and rules of procedure in common; and thus may reflect light upon each other by being treated together. William Whewell ( 1847 , 1, p. 640

L’agriculture biologique et la protection naturelle contre les ravageurs des cultures

Fiche Techniqu

Crinoid phylogeny: a preliminary analysis (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)

We describe the first molecular and morphological analysis of extant crinoid high-level inter-relationships. Nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences and a cladistically coded matrix of 30 morphological characters are presented, and analysed by phylogenetic methods. The molecular data were compiled from concatenated nuclear-encoded 18S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer 1, 5.8S rDNA, and internal transcribed spacer 2, together with part of mitochondrial 16S rDNA, and comprised 3,593 sites, of which 313 were parsimony-informative. The molecular and morphological analyses include data from the bourgueticrinid Bathycrinus; the antedonid comatulids Dorometra and Florometra; the cyrtocrinids Cyathidium, Gymnocrinus, and Holopus; the isocrinids Endoxocrinus, and two species of Metacrinus; as well as from Guillecrinus and Caledonicrinus, whose ordinal relationships are uncertain, together with morphological data from Proisocrinus. Because the molecular data include indel-rich regions, special attention was given to alignment procedure, and it was found that relatively low, gene-specific, gap penalties gave alignments from which congruent phylogenetic information was obtained from both well-aligned, indel-poor and potentially misaligned, indel-rich regions. The different sequence data partitions also gave essentially congruent results. The overall direction of evolution in the gene trees remains uncertain: an asteroid outgroup places the root on the branch adjacent to the slowly evolving isocrinids (consistent with palaeontological order of first appearances), but maximum likelihood analysis with a molecular clock places it elsewhere. Despite lineage-specific rate differences, the clock model was not excluded by a likelihood ratio test. Morphological analyses were unrooted. All analyses identified three clades, two of them generally well-supported. One well-supported clade (BCG) unites Bathycrinus and Guillecrinus with the representative (chimaeric) comatulid in a derived position, suggesting that comatulids originated from a sessile, stalked ancestor. In this connection it is noted that because the comatulid centrodorsal ossicle originates ontogenetically from the column, it is not strictly correct to describe comatulids as unstalked crinoids. A second, uniformly well-supported clade contains members of the Isocrinida, while the third clade contains Gymnocrinus, a well-established member of the Cyrtocrinida, together with the problematic taxon Caledonicrinus, currently classified as a bourgueticrinid. Another cyrtocrinid, Holopus, joins this clade with only weak molecular, but strong morphological support. In one morphological analysis Proisocrinus is weakly attached to the isocrinid clade. Only an unusual, divergent 18S rDNA sequence was obtained from the morphologically strange cyrtocrinid Cyathidium. Although not analysed in detail, features of this sequence suggested that it may be a PCR artefact, so that the apparently basal position of this taxon requires confirmation. If not an artefact, Cyathidium either diverged from the crinoid stem much earlier than has been recognised hitherto (i.e., it may be a Palaeozoic relic), or it has an atypically high rate of molecular evolution

Notes on the circumscription of the lichens Lecanora leprosa and L. sulphurescens (Lecanoraceae, lichenised Ascomycotina)

Lecanora leprosa and L. sulphurescens are two commonly misidentified pantropical lichens. A detailed circumscription is presented to help overcome such difficulties. Both species contain a chemosyndrome of chlorodepsidones based on gangaleoidin. The new depsidone chlorolecideoidin (methyl 2,4,9-trichloro-3,8-dihydroxy-1,6-dimethyl-11-oxo-11H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]-dioxepin- 7-carboxylate) has been shown to be a minor component of both species.Lecanora leprosa und L. sulphurescens sind zwei häufig fehlbestimmte pantropische Flechten. Eine ausführliche Beschreibung der beiden Arten wird vorgelegt. Beide Arten enthalten ein auf Gangaleoidin basierendes Chemosyndrom von Chlordepsidonen. Das neue Depsidon Chlorlecideoidin (Methyl 2,4,9-Trichlor-3,8-dihydroxy-1,6-dimethyl-11-oxo-11Hdibenzo[ b,e][1,4]-dioxepin-7-carboxylat) wird beschrieben. Es kommt in beiden Arten als Nebeninhaltsstoff vor

Théologie, ontologie et sémantique au xiie siècle : Gilbert de Poitiers et l’École Porrétaine

Four Conferences about Gilbert of Poitiers and his school, presented in Paris at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 5th Section, in January 2016: - 1. Introduction : Gilbert of Poitiers and the Porretan autors - 2. Theology - 3. Ontology (a. « Subsistants » and forms; b. Singularity, individuality, universals) - 4. Semantics and languages (a. Hermeneutics; b. Signification of the nouns and theory of the predication in natural philosophy)Quatre conférences sur Gilbert de Poitiers et son école données à Paris en janvier 2016 auprès de l'EPHE, 5e section, en tant que Directrice d'études invitée. Ici les conténus des conférences: - 1. Introduction : Gilbert de Poitiers et les auteurs porrétains - 2. Théologie - 3. Ontologie (a. « Subsistants » et formes; b. Singularité, individualité, universaux) - 4. Sémantique et langage (a. Herméneutique; b. Signifié des noms et théorie de la prédication dans la philosophie de la nature