Genetic characterization of early maturing maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) obtained by protein and RAPD markers

Knowledge of maize germplasm genetic diversity is important for planning breeding programmes, germplasm conservation per se etc. Genetic variability of maize hybrids grown in the fields is also very important because genetic uniformity implies risks of genetic vulnerability to stress factors and can cause great losts in yield. Early maturing maize hybrids are characterized by shorter vegetation period and they are grown in areas with shorter vegetation season. Because of different climatic conditions in these areas lines and hybrids are developed with different features in respect to drought resistance and disease resistance. The objective of our study was to characterize set of early maturing maize hybrids with protein and RAPD markers and to compare this clasification with their pedigree information. RAPD markers gave significantly higher rate of polymorphism than protein markers. Better corelation was found among pedigree information and protein markers

Application of molecular markers in apple breeding

Apple is economically the most important species of genus Malus Miller. In respect of production, trade and consumption, it ranks first among deciduous fruit and third on a global scale among all fruit species. Apple breeding is carried out on a large scale in several scientific institutes throughout the world. Due to this activity, apple is a fruit species with the highest number of described monogenic traits; 76 genes, encoding morphological traits, pest and disease resistance, as well as 69 genes encoding enzymes. The development of molecular markers (RFLPs, AFLPs, SCARs and SSRs) has allowed the mapping of the apple genome and the development of several saturated genetic maps, to which genes controlling important traits are assigned. Markers flanking these genes not only play an important role in selecting parental combinations and seedlings with positive traits, but they are also particularly important in detecting recessive traits, such as seedless fruit. In addition they enable pre-selection for polygenic quantitative traits. In recent years, particular attention has been paid to biochemical and physiological processes involved in the pathway of important traits e.g., ripening and the storage capability of apple fruit

High-resolution genetic map of the Rvi15 ( Vr2 ) apple scab resistance locus

The Rvi15 (Vr2) apple scab resistance locus found in the GMAL 2473 accession has been previously mapped to the top of the Linkage Group 2 (LG2) by analyzing 89 progeny plants of a cross between ‘Idared' and GMAL 2473. A new population of 989 progeny plants, derived from a cross between ‘Golden Delicious' and GMAL 2473, has been analyzed with the two SSR markers CH02c02a and CH02f06, previously found to be associated with Rvi15 (Vr2), and with two published markers derived from NBS sequences (ARGH17 and ARGH37) estimated to map close to the Rvi15 (Vr2) locus. ARGH17 and ARGH37, were found to be the closest markers to the resistance locus, bracketing it within an interval of 1.5cM. The SSRs mapped one on each side of Rvi15 (Vr2). CH02f06 mapped at 2.9cM from ARGH37 while CH02a02a mapped at 1.7 from ARGH17. The position of Rvi15 (Vr2) respect to CH02a02a indicates that Rvi15 (Vr2) and Rvi4 (Vh4), a second apple scab gene mapped on the top of LG2, are two different resistance genes. In order to develop even more tightly linked markers to Rvi15 (Vr2), ARGH17 was used as the starting point for chromosome walking through the Rvi15 (Vr2) homolog region of the cv. ‘Florina'. A single ‘Florina' BAC clone, 36I17, was sufficient to span the homologous locus in the new population's recombinant progeny. Sequencing of the 36I17 BAC clone allowed identifying seven putative ORFs, including two showing a TIR-NBS-LRR structure. Ten additional markers could be developed mapping within a 1.8cM interval around the Rvi15 (Vr2) resistance gene. ARGH17 and GmTNL1 markers, the latter also derived from NBS-LRR resistance gene homolog sequence, are the closest markers to Rvi15 (Vr2) bracketing it within a 0.5cM interval. The availability of 12 markers within the Rvi15 (Vr2) region, all within a small physical distance (kbp) in ‘Florina', suggests that cloning of the Rvi15 (Vr2) apple scab resistance gene from GMAL 2473 will be possibl

Molekularna evaluacija genetičke varijabilnosti paradajza (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.) mikrosatelitskim markerima

The objective of this research was to assess genetic diversity using eight microsatellite markers in 30 tomato genotypes from the collection of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The SSR markers were selected from publicly available data and Solanaceae Genome Network database. Genotypes were grouped into three clusters, using Ward's hierarchical clustering method and Euclidean distance measure. Markers SSR248, TMS9, TMS42 and SSR111 had very high PIC (Polymorphism information content) values and can be recommended for the future studies.Paradajz (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) je jedna od povrtarskih vrsta najviše izučavanih na polju oplemenjivanja, genetike i genomike i jedna od 3000 iz familije Solanaceae (pomoćnice). Veličina genoma paradajza iznosi 950 Mbp, a sadrži 77% heterohromatina i 23% euhromatina (Peterson, Price, Johnston i Stack 1996). Iako je diverzitet njegovih prirodnih staništa veoma velik, znatan deo genetičke varijabilnosti paradajza je izgubljen u procesu domestifikacije i intenzivne veštačke selekcije. Cilj ovog istraživanja je procena genetičkog diverziteta 30 genotipova paradajza iz kolekcije Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu korišćenjem 8 mikrosatelitskih markera. SSR markeri su izabrani na osnovu objavljene naučne literature i Solanaceae Genome Network baze podataka. Markeri SSR 248, TMS 9, TMS 42 i SSR 111, kod kojih je utvrđena visoka PIC vrednost, mogu se preporučiti za buduća istraživanja

Genetıc Characterızatıon Of Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) Genotypes From Central Anatolıa Wıth Ssr And Scar Markers

The major objective in pepper breeding programs is to generate high yielding novel varieties resistant to pests and diseases, tolerant to abiotic stress conditions with improved fruit quality traits including capsaicin content. Germplasm collections are important sources of variability for breeding studies. Molecular markers are important tools to evaluate genetic relationships among germplasm collections. Moreover, markers are used to select the genotypes conferring the desired traits via marker-assisted selection (MAS) as a powerful approach accelerating breeding programs. In the current study, 56 pepper genotypes selected among 313 pepper genotypes collected from Kırşehir province in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey according to their agronomic and morphological characteristics were used for molecular assays. Six SSR markers two of which were linked to fruit morphology were selected to characterize pepper genotypes according to their high polymorphism information content. Three SCAR markers associated with capsaicinoid synthesis and resistance to Phytophtora capsici (Phyto.5.2) in pepper were used to assess pungency and resistance among genotypes. According to the results obtained with SSR markers, the total number of alleles ranged from 1 to 8 among genotypes. The most polymorphic SSR markers were CaeMS015 and CAMS452 within the pepper population. The genetic distance among genotypes was determined ranging between 0.75-1.00. The segregation of the SCAR marker BF6-BF8 linked to pungency in pepper was determined relative to pungent and sweet reference cultivars. The OP004.717 SCAR marker linked to Phytophtora capsici was tested among genotypes relative to CM334 pepper variety, known as a source of resistance to Phytophtora. © 2022, Genetika. All Rights Reserved

Molekularna genetika i SSR markeri kao nova praksa u genomskoj analizi farmskih životinja u reprodukciji i kontroli bolesti

Molecular genetics investigates the genetic makeup of individuals at the DNA level. That includes the identification and mapping of molecular genetic markers and genetic polymorphisms. Molecular genetic markers (DNA markers) are one of the most powerful means for the genomic analysis and allow the connection of hereditary traits with genomic variation. Molecular marker technology has developed rapidly over the last decade and two shapes of specific DNA based marker, Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), also known as microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) prevail applications in modern genetic analysis. Genomic simple sequence repeats (SSRs, microsatellites) have been used for a variety of purposes, including gene tagging, physical mapping, genome mapping, estimation of genetic diversity, phylogenetic and conservation genetic purposes in farm animal breeding. SSR analyses are applied successfully in parentage verification and pedigree analysis, as disease markers and to locate the mutation in genetic disorders in livestock animals. The ultimate use of SSRs markers is for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL), marker assisted selection (MAS) in order to practice genomic selection and improve the farm animal health. Developments in 'omics' technologies, such as genomic selection, may help overcome several of the limitations of traditional breeding programmes and will be especially beneficial in breeding for lowly heritable disease traits that only manifest themselves following exposure to pathogens or environmental stressors in adulthood. The current paper provides a brief overview of the present - day application of microsatellites markers in animal breeding and make significant contribution to the overall farm animal health and resistance to disease.Molekularna genetika istražuje genetski sastav pojedinaca na nivou DNK. To uključuje identifikaciju i mapiranje molekularnih genetskih markera i genetskih polimorfizama. Molekularni genetski markeri (DNK markeri) su jedan od najmoćnijih sredstava genomske analize i pružaju mogućnost povezivanja naslednih osobina sa genomskim varijacijama. Tehnologija molekularnih markera se brzo razvila u poslednjoj deceniji, a dva oblika markera na bazi DNK, Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), takođe poznati kao mikrosateliti, i polimorfizam pojedinačnih nukleotida - Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) preovlađuju u primeni u modernoj genetskoj analizi. Genomske sekvence - ponavljanja (Simple Sequence Repeats - SSR, mikrosateliti) se koriste za razne svrhe, uključujući označavanje gena, fizičko mapiranje, mapiranje genoma, procena genetičke raznovrsnosti, filogenetske i u svrhu genetičke konzervacije u uzgoju farmskih životinja. SSR analiza se uspešno primenjuju u verifikaciji roditeljstva, i analizi pedigrea, kao markeri bolesti i u pronalaženju mutacije i genetskih poremećaja kod farmskih životinja. Krajnja upotreba SSR markera je za mapiranje lokusa kvantitativnih osobina (QTL), selekciji pomoću markera (MAS), kako bi se u praksi primenjivala genomska selekciju i unapređenje zdravlja farmskih životinja. Razvoj u tehnologijama 'omics'', kao što je genomska selekcija, može pomoći u prevazilaženju nekoliko ograničenja tradicionalnih odgajivačkih programa a posebno će biti korisna za oplemenjivanje i odgoj na nižu naslednost naslednih osobina bolesti koje se ispoljavaju tek nakon izloženosti patogenima ili ekološkim stresorima u odraslom dobu. Ovaj rad daje kratak pregled današnje primene mikrosatelit markera u stočarstvu i daje značajan doprinos ukupnom zdravlju životinja uzgajanih na farmi i otpornosti na bolesti

Efficiency of the different marker systems for estimation of distinctness between sister line wheat cultivars

A set of 42 winter wheat cultivars developed from nine populations were evaluated for distinctness. Three marker systems: morphological markers, gliadin allele profiles and microsatellites were used to analyze distinctness between sister cultivars. The morphological based distinctness tests for wheat are based on a crop-specific set of characters that comply with UPOV guidelines. The morphological markers were quite informative although they were not capable to estimate the distances/distinctness between two pair of sister cultivars Evropa 90 and Evropa and Novosadska rana 3 and Novosadska rana 2. The gliadins allele profiles were the least efficient to estimate distinctness between sister line cultivars. This system was not capable to distinguish even cultivars developed from different populations. Sister line wheat cultivars were fingerprinted with 19 wheat microsatellites markers. A total of 106 alleles were detected at 19 wheat microsatellite loci, resulting in an average allele number per marker of 5.6. The number of markers was sufficient to distinguish among most sister line cultivars. Only one pair of sister cultivars, Loznicanka and Kosovka, derived from the same cross could not be distinguished. Comparing all marker systems to evaluate distinctness of sister line wheat cultivars the most efficient was microsatellite markers while gliadin allele profiles was the least efficient. Correlations between matrices based on pedigree data and morphological marker, gliadin profiles and microsatellites were significant but not large

Primena genetičkih markera u kontroli kvaliteta semena i oplemenjivanju biljaka

Genetic markers have been used at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad for a number of years, both for seed quality control and for research purposes. The Laboratory for Seed Testing was the first in the former Yugoslavia to use the method of control of hybrid seed genetic purity based on enzymatic polymorphism. This paper presents the application of protein markers, isozymes, seed storage proteins and DNA markers for evaluation of seed and breeding materials of various agricultural crops in Serbia.Genetički markeri se dugi niz godina koriste u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu u kontroli kvaliteta semena i u istraživačke svrhe. Laboratorija za ispitivanje semena je prva u bivšoj Jugoslaviji uvela metod kontrole genetičke čistoće semena zasnovan na polimorfizmu enzima. U radu je dat pregled primene proteinskih markera, izoenzima i rezervnih proteina semena, kao i DNK markera u oceni kvaliteta semena i materijala za oplemenjivanje različitih biljnih vrsta u Srbiji

Genetic variability of maize landraces (zea mays l.) assessed by molecular markers

Agronomski biodiverzitet je širok pojam koji uključuje sve komponente biološkog diverziteta od značaja za hranu i poljoprivredu. On predstavlja rezultat interakcije između genetičkih resursa, životne sredine i upravljanja sistemima i prakse koji čine poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Biljni genetički resursi, smatraju se izuzetno značajnim u obezbeđivanju dovoljne količine hrane neophodne za ljudsku ishranu. Procenjuje se da danas ukupno 30 useva obezbeđuju 95% čovekovih potreba za hranom. Kukuruz je jedna od najznačajnijih useva koja se gaji širom sveta. Iako poseduje izuzetno veliku genetičku varijabilnost, u komercijalnoj upotrebi se nalazi svega oko 5% ukupne germplazme kukuruza, koja obezbeđuje visoke prinose.Banka gena Instituta za kukruz „Zemun Polje“ održava kolekciju od 2217 lokalnih populacija kukuruza klasifikovanih u 18 agroekoloških grupa, sakupljenih na prostoru bivše Jugoslavije. Ispitivanje diverziteta lokalnih populacija predstavlja osnovni preduslov za njihovu efikasnu klasifikaciju, čuvanje i korišćenje, i ima za cilj procenu genetičke raznovrsnosti i strukture populacijaIspitana je genetička varijabilnost 54 lokalne (po tri populacije svake agroekološke grupe) i 6 introdukovanih populacija kukuruza (po dve iz Francuske, Gruzije i Kine). Za ispitivanje genetičke varijabilnosti populacija korišćeno je 18 morfoloških osobina i 10 RAPD (Random Amlified Polymorphic DNA) i 10 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markera. Na osnovu morfoloških osobina urađena je analiza varijanse i uočene su značajne razlike kod svih osobina za različite izvore variranja što govori o visokom stepenu fenotipskog diverziteta između populacija. Takođe, dobijene su visoke vredosti heritabilnosti u širem smislu (preko 0,6) za skoro sve osobine, osim dužine granatog dela metlice. Rezultati PCA analize su ukazali da lokalne populacije kukuruza mogu biti okarakterisane pomoću osobina kao što su rast biljke, osobine metlice i karakteristike zrna, a zapaženo je i veće grupisanje tvrdunaca/polutvrdunaca, odnosno poluzubana/zubana. Na osnovu morfoloških osobina i molekularnih markera, pomoću UPMGA metode dobijeni su klasteri, koristeći NTSYSpc statistički program. Morfološka, SSR i RAPD analiza nisu dovele do jasnog grupisanja lokalnih populacija prema poreklu, ali je uočeno delimično poklapanje između grupa populacija povezanih u kastere/subklaste i putevima introdukcije, odnosno njihovog nastanka od originalnih populacija...Agricultural biodiversity is a broad term which includes all components of biological diversity of relevance to food and agriculture. It represents the result of interaction between genetic resources, environmental protection and both management systems and practices that make agricultural production. Plant genetic resources are considered to be very important in providing sufficient amounts of food for human consumption. It is estimated that today a total of 30 crops provide 95% of human needs for food. Corn is one of the most important crops that are grown around the world. Although it has a very high genetic variability, only about 5% of the germplasm is in the commercial use, which provides high yields.Maize Research Institute „Zemun Polje“ genebank maintains a collection of 2217 maize landraces classified into 18 agro-ecological groups, collected in the former Yugoslavia. Evaluation of genetic diversity of the local population represents basic precondition for their effective classification, storage and use. It aims to assess the genetic diversity and population structure.Assessment of genetic variability was done on 54 maize landraces (three landraces from each agro-ecological group) and six introduced maize landraces (two of each from France, Georgia and China). In order to analyze genetic variability of maize landraces, 18 morphological traits, 10 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and 10 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers were used. Analysis of variance was performed for evaluate morphological traits. Significant differences were observed for all traits for different sources of variation which indicates a high degree of phenotypic diversity between populations. Also, high broad-sense heritability (over 0.6) were obtained for almost all the traits except branched tassel length. The results of PCA analysis indicated that local maize populations can be characterized by traits such as plant growth, tassel traits and kernel characteristics. It was also observed the larger grouping of flint/semi-flint respectively to semident/dent. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) method was applied for cluster analysis. All marker data analyses were performed using NTSYSpc statistical program..