Asymptotic probability bounds on the peak distribution of complex multicarrier signals without Gaussian assumption

Multicarrier signals exhibit a large peak to mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR). In this paper, we derive the lower and upper probability bounds for the PMEPR distribution when entries of the codeword, C, are chosen independently from a symmetric q-ary PSK or QAM constellation, C /spl isin/ /spl Qscr/;/sup nq/, or C is chosen from a complex n dimensional sphere, /spl Omega//sup n/ when the number of subcarriers, n, is large and without any Gaussian assumption on either the joint distribution or any sample of the multicarrier signal. Even though the worst case PMEPR is of the order of n, the main result is that the PMEPR of a random codeword C chosen from /spl Qscr/;/sup nq/ or /spl Omega//sup n/ is log n with probability one, asymptotically. A Varsharmov-Gilbert (VG) style bound for the achievable rate and minimum Hamming distance of codes chosen from /spl Qscr/;/sup nq/, with PMEPR of less than log n is obtained. It is proved that asymptotically, the VG bound remains the same for the codes chosen from /spl Qscr/;/sup nq/ with PMEPR of less than log n

Thermal design issues and performance of microcalorimeter arrays at sub-Kelvin temperatures

We have produced 5/spl times/5 pixel arrays of microcalorimeters using bulk micromachining. Analysis of our data provides the thermal conductivity parameters of Si/sub x/N/sub y/ 1 /spl mu/m thick membranes at 100 mK. Moreover we find that the thermal transport at 100 mK in Si beams, with dimensions 1.25 mm /spl times/ 0.35mm /spl times/ 35/spl mu/m (length /spl times/ height /spl times/ width) is dominated by ballistic phonons with a mean free path of 110 /spl mu/m. These thermal parameters can be used for modelling future 32 /spl times/ 32 pixel arrays. In addition we operated three pixels in a 5 /spl times/ 5 array of microcalorimeters and find that the pixel to pixel reproducibility is very good. When used as an X-ray microcalorimeter individual pixels have a thermal decay time of 200 /spl mu/s is and their energy resolution is between 6 and 7 eV for 5.89 keV X-ray photons

ANALISIS EROSI LAHAN REHABILITASI GUNUNG PUCUNG DESA BULUKERTO KECAMATAN BUMIAJI KOTA BATU

Tanah merupakan sumberdaya alam yang selalu dapat diperbaharui melalui siklus hidrologi akan tetapi rentan terhadap kerusakan dan degradasi. Faktor yang mempengaruhi kerusakan tanah yaitu iklim, erosi, alih fungsi lahan, aktifitas manusia. Hal ini menunjukkan erosi dapat menjadi salah satu tolak ukur kerusakan tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat erosi yang terjadi Di Daerah Rehabilitasi. Sumber Data yang dimbil yaitu Data Primer dan Data Sekunder. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Lahan Rehabilitasi Gunung Pucung bulan Januari sampai Februari tahun 2023. Sampel tanah diambil berdasarkan overlay peta kelerengan, tanah, administrasi dan penggunaan lahan, Teknik pengambilan sampel tanah menggunakan 2 cara yaitu terusik dan tidak terusik, Parameter yang diuamati yaitu erosivitas, erodibilitas, kelerengan, tutupan lahan dan perlakuan konservasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan menggunakan USLE (Universal Soil Lost Equation). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa erosi yang terjadi paling besar ada pada SPL 4 dengan nilai yaitu 374.9 ton/ha/tahu. Sedangkan nilai total erosi yang rendah terjadi pada SPL 3 memiliki nilai yaitu 34.20 ton/ha/tahun. Berdasarkan Analisis Tingkat Bahaya erosi pada lahan penelitian diketahui pada SPL 1 dan 4 mendapat TBE yang berat sedangkan pada SPL 2,5 dan 6 diketahui mendapat TBE sedang kemudian SPL 3 mendapat TBE ringan

Variability Abstractions: Trading Precision for Speed in Family-Based Analyses (Extended Version)

Family-based (lifted) data-flow analysis for Software Product Lines (SPLs) is capable of analyzing all valid products (variants) without generating any of them explicitly. It takes as input only the common code base, which encodes all variants of a SPL, and produces analysis results corresponding to all variants. However, the computational cost of the lifted analysis still depends inherently on the number of variants (which is exponential in the number of features, in the worst case). For a large number of features, the lifted analysis may be too costly or even infeasible. In this paper, we introduce variability abstractions defined as Galois connections and use abstract interpretation as a formal method for the calculational-based derivation of approximate (abstracted) lifted analyses of SPL programs, which are sound by construction. Moreover, given an abstraction we define a syntactic transformation that translates any SPL program into an abstracted version of it, such that the analysis of the abstracted SPL coincides with the corresponding abstracted analysis of the original SPL. We implement the transformation in a tool, reconfigurator that works on Object-Oriented Java program families, and evaluate the practicality of this approach on three Java SPL benchmarks.Comment: 50 pages, 10 figure

Realization and Characterization of a Four-Channel Integrated Optical Young Interferometer

In this paper, we report the realization and characterization of a four-channel integrated optical Young interferometer (YI), which enables simultaneous and independent monitoring of three binding processes. The simultaneous and independent measurement of three different glucose concentrations shows the multi-purpose feature of such device. The phase resolution for different pairs of channels was /spl sim/1/spl times/10/sup -4/ fringes, which corresponds to a refractive index resolution of /spl sim/8.5/spl times/10/sup -8/ . The observed errors, which are caused due to mismatching of spatial frequencies of individual interference patterns with those determined from the CCD camera, have been reduced by using different reduction schemes. In addition, we have investigated a novel method for discrimination of the refractive index change from the thickness of a bound layer during an immunoreaction, as well as measuring the temperature change the takes place during such a process

Monolithic flux transformer-coupled high-Tc dc SQUID magnetometers

YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ based monolithic flux transformer-coupled high-T/sub c/ DC SQUID magnetometers operating up to 73 K have been realized. The devices are characterized by high values of the modulation voltage, up to 32 /spl mu/V at 40 K. A minimal white noise level of 0.10 pT//spl radic/Hz was obtained above 200 Hz, and 0.64 pT//spl radic/Hz at 1 Hz and 55 K. The temperature dependence of the modulation voltage, the effective sensing area and the field sensitivity are discussed. Model-calculations have been performed to investigate high frequency resonances in the washer-input coil structure. Methods for damping are considered