2,232 research outputs found
Investigation of Iterative Techniques for Synthesizing of the Array Factor of the Antenna Arrays
In this essay, several iterative techniques are investigated for synthesizing
of the array factor of the antenna array. These iterative techniques include
Richardson method, Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel method, Successive-over
relaxation (SOR) method. It is shown that these iterative techniques can be
successfully applied to synthesize of the array factor of any arbitrary linear,
planar, or even ring arrays. Traditionally, least square method (LSM) is used
for this purpose. However, LSM cannot be directly applied for any practical
arrays. In other words, LSM is not a general approach, and it should be mixed
with other techniques to find the magnitude and phase of the excitation
coefficients of each element of the under-studying arrays. Obtained results
show that the proposed method, offers considerable improvements for this
target
A New Strategy for Deep Wide-Field High Resolution Optical Imaging
We propose a new strategy for obtaining enhanced resolution (FWHM = 0.12
arcsec) deep optical images over a wide field of view. As is well known, this
type of image quality can be obtained in principle simply by fast guiding on a
small (D = 1.5m) telescope at a good site, but only for target objects which
lie within a limited angular distance of a suitably bright guide star. For high
altitude turbulence this 'isokinetic angle' is approximately 1 arcminute. With
a 1 degree field say one would need to track and correct the motions of
thousands of isokinetic patches, yet there are typically too few sufficiently
bright guide stars to provide the necessary guiding information. Our proposed
solution to these problems has two novel features. The first is to use
orthogonal transfer charge-coupled device (OTCCD) technology to effectively
implement a wide field 'rubber focal plane' detector composed of an array of
cells which can be guided independently. The second is to combine measured
motions of a set of guide stars made with an array of telescopes to provide the
extra information needed to fully determine the deflection field. We discuss
the performance, feasibility and design constraints on a system which would
provide the collecting area equivalent to a single 9m telescope, a 1 degree
square field and 0.12 arcsec FWHM image quality.Comment: 46 pages, 22 figures, submitted to PASP, a version with higher
resolution images and other supplementary material can be found at
http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~kaiser/wfhr
Image formation in synthetic aperture radio telescopes
Next generation radio telescopes will be much larger, more sensitive, have
much larger observation bandwidth and will be capable of pointing multiple
beams simultaneously. Obtaining the sensitivity, resolution and dynamic range
supported by the receivers requires the development of new signal processing
techniques for array and atmospheric calibration as well as new imaging
techniques that are both more accurate and computationally efficient since data
volumes will be much larger. This paper provides a tutorial overview of
existing image formation techniques and outlines some of the future directions
needed for information extraction from future radio telescopes. We describe the
imaging process from measurement equation until deconvolution, both as a
Fourier inversion problem and as an array processing estimation problem. The
latter formulation enables the development of more advanced techniques based on
state of the art array processing. We demonstrate the techniques on simulated
and measured radio telescope data.Comment: 12 page
On the estimation of the directional spectrum of ocean waves from time series observations of surface elevations
A mathematical model, consistent with certain physical features of ocean waves may be constructed by superposition of long crested sinusoidal gravity waves. Such a model, as proposed by Pierson (1955) and Longuet-Higgins (1957), depends upon the random superposition of the component waves, so that the interpretation of ocean wave measurements must be regarded as a statistical problem.
Barber (1958) has suggested that measurement of sea surface elevation as a function of time at several points along a line array may be used to deduce the distribution of energy with regard to frequency and direction of the component gravity waves. In fact, by preserving the time relationship among the signals from several detectors in a line array , the array need not be physically rotated to examine component gravity waves coming from various directions.
After developing the physical basis and mathematical notation for a stochastic model of ocean waves the limitations and potential errors in the measurement and calculation of directional spectra from finite and discrete data are discussed.
Finally, some directional spectra calculated from measurements of wind generated waves in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts are presented without attempting interpretation.This research was supported in part by the Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program, S-R009 01 01, administered by the David Taylor Model Basin and the Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr-3351(00) NR 083- 501 and Nonr 2734(00) NR 083-143
An Investigation into the Implementation and Performance of Spectrally Shaped Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is a flexible, robust multi-carrier
modulation scheme. The orthogonal spectral shaping and spacing of OFDM sub-carriers
ensure that their spectra can be over-lapped without leading to undesirable inter-carrier
interference. Conventional OFDM systems have non-band limited Sinc(x) shaped subcarrier
spectra. An alternative form of OFDM, referred to hereafter as Spectrally Shaped
OFDM, employs band limited Nyquist shaped sub-carrier spectra. The research described
in this thesis investigates the strengths and weaknesses of Spectrally Shaped OFDM as a
potential modulation scheme for future mobile radio applications.
From this research a novel Digital Signal Processing architecture for modulating and
demodulating Spectrally Shaped OFDM sub-carriers has been derived which exploits the
combination of a complex Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and PolyPhase Network
(PPN) filter. This architecture is shown to significantly reduce the minimum number of
computations required per symbol compared to previous designs.
Using a custom coded computer simulation, the effects of varying the key parameters of
the novel architecture's PolyPhase Filter (PPN) filter an the overall system complexity,
spectral performance and system signal-to-distortion have been extensively studied. From
these studies it is shown that compared to similar conventional OFDM systems, Spectrally
Shaped OFDM systems possess superior out-of-band spectral qualities but significantly
worse Peak-to-Average-Power-Ratio (PAPR) envelope performance. lt is also shown that
the absolute value of the end PPN filter coefficients (dependent on the roll-off factor of the
sub-carrier spectral shaping) dictate the system signal-to-distortion ratio when no time-domain
windowing of the PPN filter coefficients is applied. Finally the effects of a both time
and frequency selective fast fading channels on the modulation scheme's uncoded Bit
Error Rate (BER) versus Signal-to-Noise (SNR) performance are simulated. The results
obtained indicate that Spectrally Shaped OFDM is more robust (lower BER) to
frequency-selective fading than time-selective fading
A clinical system for the measurement of regional metabolic rates in the brain.
The study of the chemical events that regulate the function of the human brain is particularly difficult. The introduction by Hounsfield, in 1973, of a tomographic technique based on the attenuation of X-rays by tissues has proved invaluable in the study of the morphology of the brain. An extension of this technique, employing the concepts of computerised tomography in combination with the use of specific molecules labelled with positron emitters, is now making the direct regional measurement of metabolic rates during life possible. Although some positron tomography systems are available commercially, they do not necessarily fulfil the specific needs of all researchers. Faced with the problem of quantitating the regional distribution of the essential neurotransmitter, dopamine, in the human brain a positron tomography system, which forms the basis of this work, was designed and built based on a series of experiments aimed at optimizing spatial resolution and detection efficiency. The performance of the tomograph has been evaluated through a series of phantom studies; and the system has been used to measure the local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose and the local distribution of dopamine in the healthy and diseased brain. It is felt that the ability of this tomograph to resolve metabolic structures in the brain as small as 10[3] mm[3] will only be surpassed at the cost of unduly increasing the radiation dose to the subject. The results of positron tomographic studies performed using different positron labelled molecules and those obtained using X-ray computerized tomographic techniques and magnetic resonance techniques in the same subject have been compared. The results have been found to be complementary, each technique providing a clue to the proper understanding of the functioning of the brain
Physical limitations on antennas
"May 27, 1953."Bibliography: p. 84-85.Army Signal Corps Contract DA36-039 sc-42607 Project 132B Dept. of the Army Project 3-99-10-022John Ruze
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