Estimating fugitive bioaerosol releases from static compost windrows: feasibility of portable wind tunnel approach

An assessment of the fugitive release of bioaerosols from static compost piles was conducted at a green waste composting facility in South East England; this representing the initial stage of a programme of research into the influence of process parameters on bioaerosol emission flux. Wind tunnel experiments conducted on the surface of static windrows generated specific bioaerosol emission rates (SBER2s) at ground level of between 13 - 22 x10 3 cfu/m 2 /s for mesophilic actinomycetes and between 8 - 11 x10 3 cfu/m 2 /s for Aspergillus fumigatus. Air dispersion modelling of these emissions using the SCREEN3 air dispersion model in area source term mode was used to generate source depletion curves downwind of the facility for comparative purposes

An assessment on dispersion of carbon monoxide from a cement factory

Background: Modeling the dispersion of pollutants from factory stacks addresses the problem of matching emissions of a cement plant with the capacity of the environment to avoid affecting the environment and society. The main objective of this study was to simulate the dispersion of carbon monoxide (CO) from the main stack of a cement plant in Doroud, Iran using SCREEN3 software developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Methods: Four samplings were conducted to measure the concentration of CO in the three-stack flow of a cement factory. The input parameters were those affecting gas dispersion and included CO rate, meteorological parameters, factors associated with the stack, and various factors related to the receptor. All factors were incorporated in the model, and dispersion was modeled by SCREEN3. Results: Southwesterly winds have been dominant in the past 5 years. According to the results of this study, the highest and the lowest CO levels were estimated by the model in spring and autumn as having maximum amounts of 842.06 and 88.31 μg/m3, respectively, within distances of 526 and 960 m from the cement plant, respectively, at a downwind southwesterly direction from the plant. Conclusion: Although the maximum predicted CO levels in each of the four seasons were lower than the NAAQS criteria, the simulation results can be used as a base for reducing CO emissions to prevent the potentially significant health and environmental impacts imposed by long-term contact to such emissions

Penyebaran Pencemar Udara Di Kawasan Industri Cilegon(the Dispersion Air Polutant at Cilegon Insdustry Area)

The dispersion of the air polution, especially from the industry is much decided by the height of the stack, the higher the stack the farthest pollutant being emitted. To analyze the pollutant dispersion in the industrial area, Screen3 model US-EPA from Environmental Protection Agency, USA is used. This model is used to analyze the pollutant dispersion emiitted by factories. After implementing the model to various atmosphere stability, it is found that the fastest the wind velocity, the bigger the maximum pollutant concentration emitted and the smaller the distance dispersion. After implementing the model with the wind velocity of 2.45 m/s , it is found that the air pollution (SO2) in Pulomerak area, the maximum concentration of pollutan is 252.20 μg/m3 with the dispersion distance of 4664 m. Meanwhile, based on the measurement, with the same wind velocity at the same area, the maximum concentration of the pollutant is of 29.57 μg/m3. Within the atmosphere C to E, the two pollutants spread out at the range of 9921 m to 18800 m from the source

Studi Pengukuran Aktivitas Anak Luruh U-238, Th-232 Dan K-40 Dalam Filter Pm 10 Dan Pm 2,5 Di Daerah – Jateng II

STUDI PENGUKURAN AKTIVITAS ANAK LURUH U-238, Th-232 DAN K-40 DALAM FILTER PM 10 DAN PM2,5 DI DAERAH – JATENG II. Telah dilakukan studi pengukuran aktivitas anak luruh U-238 dan Th-232 dan K-40 dalam filter PM10 dan PM2,5 didaerah Jateng II. Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) melakukan prediksi jaraksampling dan stabilitas meteorologi dan (2) identifikasi aktivitas radionuklida yang terdapat pada filter udara PM2,5 dan PM 10 di daerah perkotaan. Dengan memakai perangkat lunak “SCREEN3” dan “WRPLOT” samplingudara di daerah sekitar PLTU Jateng II dapat ditentukan pada bulan Juni 2011 dengan jarak sampling diantara1300 m – 1500 m. Hasil prediksi stablitas meteorologi di bulan Juni 2011 yang dibuat dengan pemodelanmemakai “SCREEN3” diperkirakan diantara mempunyai tipe B, B-C , C dan sedikit kearah tipe D. Hasil aktivitasfilter PM 10 dan PM 2,5 di ketiga tempat pengambilan sampling menggunakan spektrometer gamma, ternyataditemukan juga 6 macam radionuklida yaitu Ac-228, Tl-208, Pb-212, Ra-226, Bi-214 dan K-40. Dari hasilperhitungan diperoleh bahwa aktivitas radionuklida tertinggi pada sampel udara PLTU Jateng II untuk PM 2,5dan PM 10 adalah Ra-226 dengan masing-masing aktivitas antara 0,04 -0,06 Bq/m3 udara

Atmospheric pollutants dispersion simulation

La difusión es el flujo neto causado por el desplazamiento de los contaminantes gaseosos en la atmósfera, provocando la dilución y reducción de los gradientes de concentración. Los modelos de calidad de aire consideran los procesos físicos y químicos que rigen a los contaminantes cuando se dispersan y reaccionan en la atmósfera. La simulación es un método de resolución de ecuaciones que representan un fenómeno que, posteriormente, se relaciona con la situación real. El método gaussiano emplea la ecuación de distribución normal gaussiana para determinar la variación de las concentraciones de contaminantes en la pluma, mediante cálculos relativamente simples que requieren los coeficientes de dispersión horizontal (σy) y vertical (σz). La simulación para determinar concentraciones de contaminantes como el dióxido de azufre (SO2) y monóxido de carbono (CO), fue realizada con el programa MATLAB para ciertas condiciones de velocidad de viento (v), altura de chimenea (h) y clase de estabilidad en áreas rurales. Se realizaron, además, simulaciones empleando el modelo de calidad de aire de EPA: SCREEN3 MODEL * VERSION DATED 96043 * para comparar los valores de las concentraciones de SO2 y CO, calculadas con MATLAB.Diffusion is the net flow caused by the displacement of the gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere, diluting and reducing their concentration gradients. The air quality models consider the physical and chemical processes that govern when contaminants disperse and react in the atmosphere. Simulation is a method of solving equations which represent a phenomenon that, subsequently, relates to the actual situation. The Gaussian‘s method employs the Gaussian‘s normal distribution equation to determine the variation of the concentrations of pollutants in the plume, by relatively simple calculations requiring horizontal dispersion coefficients (σy) and vertical (σz). The simulation to determine concentrations of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) was performed with the MATLAB program for certain conditions of wind speed (v), stack height (h) and stability class in rural areas. It also conducted simulations using the model EPA air quality: * VERSION DATED MODEL SCREEN3 96,043 * to compare the values of SO2 and CO concentrations, calculated with MATLAB.Fil: Manzur, Maria Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Benzal, María Graciela. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Bioquimica, Quimica y Farmacia. Instituto de Matematica; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez, Silvia Nelina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (i); Argentin

Location Optimization of a Coal Power Plant to Balance Coal Supply and Electric Transmission Costs Against Plant’s Emission Exposure

This research is focused on developing a location analysis methodology that can minimize the pollutant exposure to the public while ensuring that the combined costs of electric transmission losses and coal logistics are minimized. Coal power plants will provide a critical contribution towards meeting electricity demands for various nations in the foreseeable future. The site selection for a new coal power plant is extremely important from an investment point of view. The operational costs for running a coal power plant can be minimized by a combined emphasis on placing a coal power plant near coal mines as well as customers. However, this business strategy has produced a detrimental effect on the environment in various nations around the globe. In this new era of rapid urbanization, increased electric utility demand and environmental consciousness; the location analysis for a new coal power plant needs to include both the investment and environmental considerations. To provide a general background of the issue, a detailed literature review was conducted on the topics of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pollutant dispersion models, health effects due to exposure to pollutants, coal logistics, electric transmission technical losses, and location analysis models. Next, a methodology, based on dynamic programming, was formulated by combing the EPA’s pollutant dispersion models with the minimum spanning tree algorithm to calculate the combined costs of coal logistics and electric transmission losses for a given set of coal mines and customers present on a network. The subsequent simulation was developed based on the proposed methodology. The simulation successful ly proved that the selection of a site on a grid map provided the minimum of the combined cost of electric line losses and coal transportation, and no customers were exposed to pollutant concentration above the declared threshold for that pollutant. The resultant emission’s data were validated via comparing against the EPA Screen3 and Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI-LIS) models. The minimum spanning tree for electric transmission lines and coal transportation were validated using R-software

A model for spatial monitoring of exhaust gas emissions produced by urban public transport

This study describes the development of a mock model of exhaust pipe emissions from the Urban Public Transport System (UPTS). The aim is to use this tool to calculate and monitor emissions produced by the UPTS vehicles that circulate in an established area. The model enables the user to determine the emission produced by STPP units (global and separated by its chemical and physical components in grams), per area unit (cell) and in a period of time (day or hour), both values established by the user. The calculated methodology is described, and simplified examples of the calculations are presented.Fil: Olguin, Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mendoza. Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales; Argentina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Mesa, Nestor Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mendoza. Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales; Argentin

Fate of the Organophosphate Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos, in Leaves, Soil, and Air Following Application

A field study was conducted to further our understanding about the fate and transport of the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos, and its degradation product, chlorpyrifos oxon. Leaf, soil and air sampling was conducted for 21 days after chlorpyrifos application to a field of purple tansy (Phacelia tanacetifolia). Air samples were collected using a high-volume air sampler (HVAS) and seven battery-operated medium-volume active air samplers placed around the field and on a 500-m transect extending away from the field. Chlorpyrifos was detected every day of the sampling period in all matrices, with concentrations decreasing rapidly after application. Chlorpyrifos oxon was only detected in air samples collected with the HVAS during the first three days after application. Wind direction played a significant role in controlling the measured air concentrations in near-field samples. The SCREEN3 model and chlorpyrifos’ Characteristic Travel Distance (CTD) were used to predict modelled chlorpyrifos concentrations in air along the transect. The concentration trend predicted by the SCREEN3 model was similar to that of measured concentrations whereas CTD-modelled concentrations decreased at a significantly slower rate, indicating that downwind chlorpyrifos concentrations in air were primarily controlled by air dispersion. The SCREEN3-predicted chlorpyrifos concentrations were \u3e5 times higher than measured concentrations, indicating that simple approaches for calculating accurate pesticide volatilization fluxes from agricultural fields are still needed. Finally, we found that measured concentrations in air on Days 0–2 at locations up to 500 m from the field were at levels considered concerning for human health