What do distortion risk measures tell us on excess of loss reinsurance with reinstatements ?

In this paper we focused our attention to the study of an excess of loss reinsurance with reinstatements, a problem previously studied by Sundt [5] and, more recently, by Mata [4] and HÄurlimann [3]. As it is well-known, the evaluation of pure premiums requires the knowledge of the claim size distribution of the insurance risk: in order to face this question, different approaches have been followed in the actuarial literature. In a situation of incomplete information in which only some characteristics of the involved elements are known, it appears to be particularly interesting to set this problem in the framework of risk adjusted premiums. It is shown that if risk adjusted premiums satisfy a generalized expected value equation, then the initial premium exhibits some regularity properties as a function of the percentages of reinstatement.Excess of loss reinsurance, reinstatements, distortion risk measures, expected value equation

Initial premium, aggregate claims and distortion risk measures in XL reinsurance with reinstatements

With reference to risk adjusted premium principle, in this paper we study excess of loss reinsurance with reinstatements in the case in which the aggregate claims are generated by a discrete distribution. In particular, we focus our study on conditions ensuring feasibility of the initial premium, for example with reference to the limit on the payment of each claim. Comonotonic exchangeability shows the way forward to a more general definition of the initial premium: some properties characterizing the proposed premium are presented.Excess of loss reinsurance; reinstatements; distortion risk measures; initial premium; exchangeability.

Excess of Loss Reinsurance with Reinstatements Revisited

The classical evaluation of pure premiums for excess of loss reinsurance with reinstatements requires the knowldege of the claim size distribution of the insurance risk. In the situation of incomplete information, where only a few characteristics of the aggregate claims to an excess of loss layer can be estimated, the method of stop-loss ordered bounds yields a simple analytical distribution-free approximation to pure premiums of excess of loss reinsurance with reinstatements. It is shown that the obtained approximation is enough accurate for practical purposes and improves the analytical approximations obtained using either a gamma, translated gamma, translated inverse Gaussian or a mixture of the last two distribution

How Much Reinsurance Do You Really Need? A Case Study.

Today’s reinsurance manager has to balance many diverging interests. Most prominent among these are the risk-return objectives of the company owners and the security requirements of the policyholders. Performance measurement issues and the sheer number of available reinsurance and capital market solutions further complicate the decision-making process. Given the complexity of the problem, it has been our experience that a quantitative approach can help in understanding the risks and the cost of financing them. This leads to more informed decisions. In this article, we guide the reader through the steps of restructuring an existing traditional reinsurance program using quantitative models of the risks. This is done by means of a case study in which concrete insurance lines are analyzed in a sample portfolio.reinsurance, alternative risk transfer, asset liability management, dynamic financial analysis

Sharing Risk - An Economic Perspective

We revisit the relative retention problem originally introduced by de Finetti using concepts recently developed in risk theory and quantitative risk management. Instead of using the Variance as a risk measure we consider the Expected Shortfall (Tail-Value-at-Risk) and include capital costs and take constraints on risk capital into account. Starting from a risk-based capital allocation, the paper presents an optimization scheme for sharing risk in a multi-risk class environment. Risk sharing takes place between two portfolios and the pricing of risktransfer reflects both portfolio structures. This allows us to shed more light on the question of how optimal risk sharing is characterized in a situation where risk transfer takes place between parties employing similar risk and performance measures. Recent developments in the regulatory domain (‘risk-based supervision') pushing for common, insurance industry-wide risk measures underline the importance of this question. The paper includes a simple non-life insurance example illustrating optimal risk transfer in terms of retentions of common reinsurance structure

Survival probabilities in bivariate risk models, with application to reinsurance

This paper deals with an insurance portfolio that covers two interdependent risks. The central model is a discrete-time bivariate risk process with independent claim increments. A continuous-time version of compound Poisson type is also examined. Our main purpose is to develop a numerical method for determining non-ruin probabilities over a finite-time horizon. The approach relies on, and exploits, the existence of a special algebraic structure of Appell type. Some applications in reinsurance to the joint risks of the cedent and the reinsurer are presented and discussed, under a stop-loss or excess of loss contract

Effect of stop-loss reinsurance on the primary insurer solvency

Stop-loss reinsurance is a risk management tool that allows an insurance company to transfer part of their risk to a reinsurance company. Ruin probabilities allow us to measure the effect of stop-loss reinsurance on the solvency of the primary insurer. They further permit the calculation of the economic capital, or the required initial capital to hold, corresponding to the 99.5% value-at-risk of its surplus. Specifically, we show that under a stop-loss contract, the ruin probability for the primary insurer, for both a finite- and infinite-time horizon, can be obtained from the finite-time ruin probability when no reinsurance is bought. We develop a finite-difference method for solving the (partial integro-differential) equation satisfied by the finite-time ruin probability with no reinsurance, leading to numerical approximations of the ruin probabilities under a stop-loss reinsurance contract. Using the method developed here, we discuss the interplay between ruin probability, reinsurance retention level and initial capital

Cooperative Game Theory and its Insurance Applications

This survey paper presents the basic concepts of cooperative game theory, at an elementary level. Five examples, including three insurance applications, are progressively developed throughout the paper. The characteristic function, the core, the stable sets, the Shapley value, the Nash and Kalai-Smorodinsky solutions are defined and computed for the different examples