Robust and Deployable Gesture Recognition for Smartwatches

Funding Information: This work was supported by the Department of Communications and Networking – Aalto University, Finnish Center for Artificial Intelligence (FCAI) and the Academy of Finland projects Human Automata (Project ID: 328813), BAD (Project ID: 318559), Huawei Technologies, and the Horizon 2020 FET program of the European Union (grant CHIST-ERA-20-BCI-001). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 ACM. Open Access fee has been paid, but the PDF version does not contain information on OA licence.Gesture recognition on smartwatches is challenging not only due to resource constraints but also due to the dynamically changing conditions of users. It is currently an open problem how to engineer gesture recognisers that are robust and yet deployable on smartwatches. Recent research has found that common everyday events, such as a user removing and wearing their smartwatch again, can deteriorate recognition accuracy significantly. In this paper, we suggest that prior understanding of causes behind everyday variability and false positives should be exploited in the development of recognisers. To this end, first, we present a data collection method that aims at diversifying gesture data in a representative way, in which users are taken through experimental conditions that resemble known causes of variability (e.g., walking while gesturing) and are asked to produce deliberately varied, but realistic gestures. Secondly, we review known approaches in machine learning for recogniser design on constrained hardware. We propose convolution-based network variations for classifying raw sensor data, achieving greater than 98% accuracy reliably under both individual and situational variations where previous approaches have reported significant performance deterioration. This performance is achieved with a model that is two orders of magnitude less complex than previous state-of-the-art models. Our work suggests that deployable and robust recognition is feasible but requires systematic efforts in data collection and network design to address known causes of gesture variability.Peer reviewe