3,511 research outputs found
Machine Learning for Microcontroller-Class Hardware -- A Review
The advancements in machine learning opened a new opportunity to bring
intelligence to the low-end Internet-of-Things nodes such as microcontrollers.
Conventional machine learning deployment has high memory and compute footprint
hindering their direct deployment on ultra resource-constrained
microcontrollers. This paper highlights the unique requirements of enabling
onboard machine learning for microcontroller class devices. Researchers use a
specialized model development workflow for resource-limited applications to
ensure the compute and latency budget is within the device limits while still
maintaining the desired performance. We characterize a closed-loop widely
applicable workflow of machine learning model development for microcontroller
class devices and show that several classes of applications adopt a specific
instance of it. We present both qualitative and numerical insights into
different stages of model development by showcasing several use cases. Finally,
we identify the open research challenges and unsolved questions demanding
careful considerations moving forward.Comment: Accepted for publication at IEEE Sensors Journa
Fog Computing in Medical Internet-of-Things: Architecture, Implementation, and Applications
In the era when the market segment of Internet of Things (IoT) tops the chart
in various business reports, it is apparently envisioned that the field of
medicine expects to gain a large benefit from the explosion of wearables and
internet-connected sensors that surround us to acquire and communicate
unprecedented data on symptoms, medication, food intake, and daily-life
activities impacting one's health and wellness. However, IoT-driven healthcare
would have to overcome many barriers, such as: 1) There is an increasing demand
for data storage on cloud servers where the analysis of the medical big data
becomes increasingly complex, 2) The data, when communicated, are vulnerable to
security and privacy issues, 3) The communication of the continuously collected
data is not only costly but also energy hungry, 4) Operating and maintaining
the sensors directly from the cloud servers are non-trial tasks. This book
chapter defined Fog Computing in the context of medical IoT. Conceptually, Fog
Computing is a service-oriented intermediate layer in IoT, providing the
interfaces between the sensors and cloud servers for facilitating connectivity,
data transfer, and queryable local database. The centerpiece of Fog computing
is a low-power, intelligent, wireless, embedded computing node that carries out
signal conditioning and data analytics on raw data collected from wearables or
other medical sensors and offers efficient means to serve telehealth
interventions. We implemented and tested an fog computing system using the
Intel Edison and Raspberry Pi that allows acquisition, computing, storage and
communication of the various medical data such as pathological speech data of
individuals with speech disorders, Phonocardiogram (PCG) signal for heart rate
estimation, and Electrocardiogram (ECG)-based Q, R, S detection.Comment: 29 pages, 30 figures, 5 tables. Keywords: Big Data, Body Area
Network, Body Sensor Network, Edge Computing, Fog Computing, Medical
Cyberphysical Systems, Medical Internet-of-Things, Telecare, Tele-treatment,
Wearable Devices, Chapter in Handbook of Large-Scale Distributed Computing in
Smart Healthcare (2017), Springe
Deep Anomaly Detection for Time-series Data in Industrial IoT: A Communication-Efficient On-device Federated Learning Approach
Since edge device failures (i.e., anomalies) seriously affect the production
of industrial products in Industrial IoT (IIoT), accurately and timely
detecting anomalies is becoming increasingly important. Furthermore, data
collected by the edge device may contain the user's private data, which is
challenging the current detection approaches as user privacy is calling for the
public concern in recent years. With this focus, this paper proposes a new
communication-efficient on-device federated learning (FL)-based deep anomaly
detection framework for sensing time-series data in IIoT. Specifically, we
first introduce a FL framework to enable decentralized edge devices to
collaboratively train an anomaly detection model, which can improve its
generalization ability. Second, we propose an Attention Mechanism-based
Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short Term Memory (AMCNN-LSTM) model to
accurately detect anomalies. The AMCNN-LSTM model uses attention
mechanism-based CNN units to capture important fine-grained features, thereby
preventing memory loss and gradient dispersion problems. Furthermore, this
model retains the advantages of LSTM unit in predicting time series data.
Third, to adapt the proposed framework to the timeliness of industrial anomaly
detection, we propose a gradient compression mechanism based on Top-\textit{k}
selection to improve communication efficiency. Extensive experiment studies on
four real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework can accurately
and timely detect anomalies and also reduce the communication overhead by 50\%
compared to the federated learning framework that does not use a gradient
compression scheme.Comment: IEEE Internet of Things Journa
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