20 research outputs found
Revisiting size effects in higher education research productivity
The potential occurrence of variable returns to size in research activity is
a factor to be considered in choices about the size of research organizations
and also in the planning of national research assessment exercises, so as to
avoid favoring those organizations that would benefit from such occurrence. The
aim of the current work is to improve on weaknesses in past inquiries
concerning returns to size through application of a research productivity
measurement methodology that is more accurate and robust. The method involves
field-standardized measurements that are free of the typical distortions of
aggregate measurement by discipline or organization. The analysis is conducted
for 183 hard science fields in all 77 Italian universities (time period
2004-2008) and allows detection of potential differences by field
The impact of unproductive and top researchers on overall university research performance
Unlike competitive higher education systems, non-competitive systems show
relatively uniform distributions of top professors and low performers among
universities. In this study, we examine the impact of unproductive and top
faculty members on overall research performance of the university they belong
to. Furthermore, we analyze the potential relationship between research
productivity of a university and the indexes of concentration of unproductive
and top professors. Research performance is evaluated using a bibliometric
approach, through publications indexed on the Web of Science between 2004 and
2008. The set analyzed consists of all Italian universities active in the hard
sciences.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1810.13234,
arXiv:1810.13233, arXiv:arXiv:1810.13231, arXiv:1810.13281, arXiv:1810.1220
Relatives in the same university faculty: nepotism or merit?
In many countries culture, practice or regulations inhibit the co-presence of
relatives within the university faculty. We test the legitimacy of such
attitudes and provisions, investigating the phenomenon of nepotism in Italy, a
nation with high rates of favoritism. We compare the individual research
performance of "children" who have "parents" in the same university against
that of the "non-children" with the same academic rank and seniority, in the
same field. The results show non-significant differences in performance.
Analyses of career advancement show that children's research performance is on
average superior to that of their colleagues who did not advance. The study's
findings do not rule out the existence of nepotism, which has been actually
recorded in a low percentage of cases, but do not prove either the most serious
presumed consequences of nepotism, namely that relatives who are poor
performers are getting ahead of non-relatives who are better performers. In
light of these results, many attitudes and norms concerning parental ties in
academia should be reconsidered.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1810.12207,
arXiv:1810.1323
Funnel plots for visualizing uncertainty in the research performance of institutions
Research performance values are not certain. Performance indexes should
therefore be accompanied by uncertainty measures, to establish whether the
performance of a unit is truly outstanding and not the result of random
fluctuations. In this work we focus on the evaluation of research institutions
on the basis of average individual performance, where uncertainty is inversely
related to the number of research staff. We utilize the funnel plot, a tool
originally developed in meta-analysis, to measure and visualize the uncertainty
in the performance values of research institutions. As an illustrative example,
we apply the funnel plot to represent the uncertainty in the assessed research
performance for Italian universities active in biochemistryComment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1810.1266
The ratio of top scientists to the academic staff as an indicator of the competitive strength of universities
The ability to attract and retain talented professors is a distinctive
competence of world-class universities and a source of competitive advantage.
The ratio of top scientists to academic staff could therefore be an indicator
of the competitive strength of the universities. This work identifies the
Italian top scientists in over 200 fields, by their research productivity. It
then ranks the relative universities by the ratio of top scientists to overall
faculty. Finally, it contrasts this list with the ranking list by average
productivity of the overall faculty. The analysis is carried out at the field,
discipline, and overall university levels. The paper also explores the
secondary question of whether the ratio of top scientists to faculty is related
to the size of the university
From rankings to funnel plots: the question of accounting for uncertainty when measuring university research performance
The work applies the funnel plot methodology to measure and visualize
uncertainty in the research performance of Italian universities in the science
disciplines. The performance assessment is carried out at both discipline and
overall university level. The findings reveal that for most universities the
citation-based indicator used gives insufficient statistical evidence to infer
that their research productivity is inferior or superior to the average. This
general observation is one that we could indeed expect in a higher education
system that is essentially non-competitive. The question is whether the
introduction of uncertainty in performance reporting, while technically sound,
could weaken institutional motivation to work towards continuous improvement
A methodology to compute the territorial productivity of scientists: The case of Italy
Policy-makers working at the national and regional levels could find the
territorial mapping of research productivity by field to be useful in informing
both research and industrial policy. Research-based private companies could
also use such mapping for efficient selection in localizing R&D activities and
university research collaborations. In this work we apply a bibliometric
methodology for ranking by research productivity: i) the fields of research for
each territory (region and province); and ii) the territories for each
scientific field. The analysis is based on the 2008-2012 scientific output
indexed in the Web of Science, by all professors on staff at Italian
universities. The population is over 36,000 professors, active in 192 fields
and 9 disciplines
Ranking research institutions by the number of highly-cited articles per scientist
In the literature and on the Web we can readily find research excellence
rankings for organizations and countries by either total number of highly-cited
articles (HCAs) or by ratio of HCAs to total publications. Neither are
indicators of efficiency. In the current work we propose an indicator of
efficiency, the number of HCAs per scientist, which can complement the
productivity indicators based on impact of total output. We apply this
indicator to measure excellence in the research of Italian universities as a
whole, and in each field and discipline of the hard sciences
Should the research performance of scientists be distinguished by gender?
The literature on gender differences in research performance seems to suggest
a gap between men and women, where the former outperform the latter. Whether
one agrees with the different factors proposed to explain the phenomenon, it is
worthwhile to verify if comparing the performance within each gender, rather
than without distinction, gives significantly different ranking lists. If there
were some structural factor that determined a penalty in performance of female
researchers compared to their male peers, then under conditions of equal
capacities of men and women, any comparative evaluations of individual
performance that fail to account for gender differences would lead to
distortion of the judgments in favor of men. In this work we measure the extent
of differences in rank between the two methods of comparing performance in each
field of the hard sciences: for professors in the Italian university system, we
compare the distributions of research performance for men and women and
subsequently the ranking lists with and without distinction by gender. The
results are of interest for the optimization of efficient selection in
formulation of recruitment, career advancement and incentive schemes
The spin-off of elite universities in non-competitive, undifferentiated higher education systems: an empirical simulation in Italy
Higher education systems featuring intense competition have developed
world-class universities, capable of attracting top professors and students and
considerable public-private funding. This does not occur in non-competitive
systems, where highly-talented faculty and students are dispersed across all
institutions. In such systems, the authors propose the budding of spin-off
universities, staffed by migration of top scientists from the entire public
research system. This work illustrate the proposal through an example: the
spin-off of a new university in Rome-Italy staffed with the best professors
from the three current public city universities. Such a faculty would offer top
national research productivity, a magnet to attract the other critical
ingredients of a world-class university: talented students, abundant resources
and visionary governance