13,316 research outputs found
Restricted Strip Covering and the Sensor Cover Problem
Given a set of objects with durations (jobs) that cover a base region, can we
schedule the jobs to maximize the duration the original region remains covered?
We call this problem the sensor cover problem. This problem arises in the
context of covering a region with sensors. For example, suppose you wish to
monitor activity along a fence by sensors placed at various fixed locations.
Each sensor has a range and limited battery life. The problem is to schedule
when to turn on the sensors so that the fence is fully monitored for as long as
possible. This one dimensional problem involves intervals on the real line.
Associating a duration to each yields a set of rectangles in space and time,
each specified by a pair of fixed horizontal endpoints and a height. The
objective is to assign a position to each rectangle to maximize the height at
which the spanning interval is fully covered. We call this one dimensional
problem restricted strip covering. If we replace the covering constraint by a
packing constraint, the problem is identical to dynamic storage allocation, a
scheduling problem that is a restricted case of the strip packing problem. We
show that the restricted strip covering problem is NP-hard and present an O(log
log n)-approximation algorithm. We present better approximations or exact
algorithms for some special cases. For the uniform-duration case of restricted
strip covering we give a polynomial-time, exact algorithm but prove that the
uniform-duration case for higher-dimensional regions is NP-hard. Finally, we
consider regions that are arbitrary sets, and we present an O(log
n)-approximation algorithm.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figure
Approximation Algorithm for Line Segment Coverage for Wireless Sensor Network
The coverage problem in wireless sensor networks deals with the problem of
covering a region or parts of it with sensors. In this paper, we address the
problem of covering a set of line segments in sensor networks. A line segment `
is said to be covered if it intersects the sensing regions of at least one
sensor distributed in that region. We show that the problem of finding the
minimum number of sensors needed to cover each member in a given set of line
segments in a rectangular area is NP-hard. Next, we propose a constant factor
approximation algorithm for the problem of covering a set of axis-parallel line
segments. We also show that a PTAS exists for this problem.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures
Set It and Forget It: Approximating the Set Once Strip Cover Problem
We consider the Set Once Strip Cover problem, in which n wireless sensors are
deployed over a one-dimensional region. Each sensor has a fixed battery that
drains in inverse proportion to a radius that can be set just once, but
activated at any time. The problem is to find an assignment of radii and
activation times that maximizes the length of time during which the entire
region is covered. We show that this problem is NP-hard. Second, we show that
RoundRobin, the algorithm in which the sensors simply take turns covering the
entire region, has a tight approximation guarantee of 3/2 in both Set Once
Strip Cover and the more general Strip Cover problem, in which each radius may
be set finitely-many times. Moreover, we show that the more general class of
duty cycle algorithms, in which groups of sensors take turns covering the
entire region, can do no better. Finally, we give an optimal O(n^2 log n)-time
algorithm for the related Set Radius Strip Cover problem, in which all sensors
must be activated immediately.Comment: briefly announced at SPAA 201
Colorful Strips
Given a planar point set and an integer , we wish to color the points with
colors so that any axis-aligned strip containing enough points contains all
colors. The goal is to bound the necessary size of such a strip, as a function
of . We show that if the strip size is at least , such a coloring
can always be found. We prove that the size of the strip is also bounded in any
fixed number of dimensions. In contrast to the planar case, we show that
deciding whether a 3D point set can be 2-colored so that any strip containing
at least three points contains both colors is NP-complete.
We also consider the problem of coloring a given set of axis-aligned strips,
so that any sufficiently covered point in the plane is covered by colors.
We show that in dimensions the required coverage is at most .
Lower bounds are given for the two problems. This complements recent
impossibility results on decomposition of strip coverings with arbitrary
orientations. Finally, we study a variant where strips are replaced by wedges
Scheduling Sensors for Guaranteed Sparse Coverage
Sensor networks are particularly applicable to the tracking of objects in
motion. For such applications, it may not necessary that the whole region be
covered by sensors as long as the uncovered region is not too large. This
notion has been formalized by Balasubramanian et.al. as the problem of
-weak coverage. This model of coverage provides guarantees about the
regions in which the objects may move undetected. In this paper, we analyse the
theoretical aspects of the problem and provide guarantees about the lifetime
achievable. We introduce a number of practical algorithms and analyse their
significance. The main contribution is a novel linear programming based
algorithm which provides near-optimal lifetime. Through extensive
experimentation, we analyse the performance of these algorithms based on
several parameters defined
Average Case Network Lifetime on an Interval with Adjustable Sensing Ranges
Given n sensors on an interval, each of which is equipped with an adjustable sensing radius and a unit battery charge that drains in inverse linear proportion to its radius, what schedule will maximize the lifetime of a network that covers the entire interval? Trivially, any reasonable algorithm is at least a 2-approximation for this Sensor Strip Cover problem, so we focus on developing an efficient algorithm that maximizes the expected network lifetime under a random uniform model of sensor distribution. We demonstrate one such algorithm that achieves an expected network lifetime within 12 % of the theoretical maximum. Most of the algorithms that we consider come from a particular family of RoundRobin coverage, in which sensors take turns covering predefined areas until their battery runs out
A single-photon sampling architecture for solid-state imaging
Advances in solid-state technology have enabled the development of silicon
photomultiplier sensor arrays capable of sensing individual photons. Combined
with high-frequency time-to-digital converters (TDCs), this technology opens up
the prospect of sensors capable of recording with high accuracy both the time
and location of each detected photon. Such a capability could lead to
significant improvements in imaging accuracy, especially for applications
operating with low photon fluxes such as LiDAR and positron emission
tomography.
The demands placed on on-chip readout circuitry imposes stringent trade-offs
between fill factor and spatio-temporal resolution, causing many contemporary
designs to severely underutilize the technology's full potential. Concentrating
on the low photon flux setting, this paper leverages results from group testing
and proposes an architecture for a highly efficient readout of pixels using
only a small number of TDCs, thereby also reducing both cost and power
consumption. The design relies on a multiplexing technique based on binary
interconnection matrices. We provide optimized instances of these matrices for
various sensor parameters and give explicit upper and lower bounds on the
number of TDCs required to uniquely decode a given maximum number of
simultaneous photon arrivals.
To illustrate the strength of the proposed architecture, we note a typical
digitization result of a 120x120 photodiode sensor on a 30um x 30um pitch with
a 40ps time resolution and an estimated fill factor of approximately 70%, using
only 161 TDCs. The design guarantees registration and unique recovery of up to
4 simultaneous photon arrivals using a fast decoding algorithm. In a series of
realistic simulations of scintillation events in clinical positron emission
tomography the design was able to recover the spatio-temporal location of 98.6%
of all photons that caused pixel firings.Comment: 24 pages, 3 figures, 5 table
- …