Burns in Tanzania: Morbidity and Mortality, Causes and Risk Factors: A Review.

Burn injuries in low and middle income countries still remain a significant health problem, even though numbers of burn injuries in high income countries have decreased showing that such events are not "accidents" but are usually preventable. WHO states that the vast majority (over 95%) of fire-related burns occur in low and middle income countries. Burn injuries are a major cause of prolonged hospital stays, disfigurement, disability, and death in Africa Region. Evidence shows that prevention strategies can work. However prevention strategies need to be tailored to the specific environment taking into account local risk factors and available resources. An examination of the patterns and causes of burns should allow site specific recommendations for interventions. This literature review, specific to the United Republic of Tanzania, was conducted by researching PubMed, SafetyLit, and African Journals on Line data bases for primary sources using key words <Tanzania> plus <burns, suicide, homicide, injury mortality, injury morbidity>. Two sets of student data collected as part of Bachelor's degree final dissertations at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences were used. In all, twenty two primary sources were found. Risk factors for burn morbidity in Tanzania are: 1/ a young age, especially years 1-3, 2/ home environment, especially around cooking fires, 3/ epilepsy, during seizures, and 4/ perceived inevitability of the incident. It was expected that ground level cooking fires would be found to be a risk factor, but several studies have shown non-significant results about raised cooking fires, types of fuel used, and cooking appliances. Risk factors for burn mortality are: being male, between 20-30 years of age, and being punished for alleged thieving by community mobs. An important factor in reducing burn morbidity, especially in children, is to educate people that burns are preventable in most cases and that most burns occur in the home around cooking fires. Children need to be kept away from fires. Epileptics should be monitored for medication and kept away from cooking fires as well. Community members need to be encouraged to bring wrong doers to the police

Aquaculture policy options for integrated resource management in SubSaharan Africa: extended abstracts and discussions

This volume contains brief papers which review the socioeconomic and biophysical environment in which integrated aquaculture must function in subSaharan Africa; presentations of experiences from research and the field, including both biotechnical and anthropological studies; and a summary of discussions and conclusions about integrated aquacultureÆs potential role in African rural development.Aquaculture, Aquaculture development, Integrated farming, Resource management, Conferences, Africa, Sub-Saharan,

Researching and Documenting the Languages of Tanzania

This paper describes the challenges that researchers have encountered during six years of implementing a research and documentation project for the languages of Tanzania. It discusses the methods evolved by the project researchers for the production of a language atlas for Tanzania and presents preliminary results from the research. The results show that the language with the most native speakers, Sukuma, has twice as many as its closest rival, Kiswahili. The paper also presents an account of the research for documenting the grammasr and vocabularies of the languages of Tanzania. The expected impact of this particular form of documentation, as well as the limits, are discussed. It is argued that a language needs to be unchained from politically imposed shackles in order for a society to reap the full benefits of its cultural resources.National Foreign Language Resource Cente

Capturing the Inclusiveness and Unintended Effects of Governance

1\. Introduction 2\. Governance for (and against) whom? Gaps in the governance literature 3\. Different qualities and “unintended” effects of governance – toward an analytical framework 3.1 Inclusiveness of governance contributions 3.2 Unintended effects of governance 3.3 Negative externalities of core business practices 4\. The quality of governance in light of different collectivities 5\. ConclusionResearch on governance by external non-state actors in areas of limited statehood concentrates on the conditions under which these actors engage in governance. However, this literature largely ignores findings from research on the anthropology of development, the privatization of security, and non-state welfare provision in developing countries that point to the limitations and negative effects of governance by non-state actors. Hence there are many reasons to distinguish carefully between different qualities of governance contributions and the (unintended) effects of external actors’ practices. This paper deals with the quality of governance in that it suggests an analytical framework for distinguishing different qualities along three dimensions: inclusiveness, the indirect effects of governance, and the external effects of non-governance practices. Empirically, the paper focuses on multinational companies in sub-Saharan Africa. This is for two reasons. Firstly, the literature on business and governance noticeably isolates the positive contributions by firms from the negative effects of business activities in areas of limited statehood. Secondly, the case of companies – actors that do not aim at contributing to governance in the first place – clearly illustrates the added value of distinguishing different qualities of governance contributions. This is also relevant, however, for other governance actors.Die Forschung zu Governance durch externe, nichtstaatliche Akteure in Räumen begrenzter Staatlichkeit konzentriert sich auf die Bedingungen, unter denen diese zur Bereitstellung kollektiver Güter beitragen. Dabei ignoriert sie bisher weitestgehend Ergebnisse der Entwicklungsanthropologie sowie der Literatur zu Sicherheitsprivatisierung und der nichtstaatlichen Bereitstellung von Sozialleistungen, die die Grenzen und negativen Effekte von nichtstaatlicher Governance aufzeigen. Es lohnt sich für die Governance- Forschung, diese Ergebnisse ernst zu nehmen und unterschiedliche Qualitäten von Governance genauer in Augenschein zu nehmen. Dieses Papier beschäftigt sich mit ebenjenen qualitativen Unterschieden von Governance und entwirft einen analytischen Rahmen, mit dessen Hilfe diese entlang von drei Dimensionen erfasst werden können: Inklusivität von Governance, indirekte Effekte von Governance und externe Effekte von Praktiken, die nicht auf Beiträge zu Governance abzielen. Empirisch bezieht es sich auf multinationale Unternehmen in Subsahara Afrika. Dies einerseits, weil sich in der Literatur zu Unternehmen und Governance eine isolierte Betrachtung positiver Beiträge besonders virulent zeigt, ohne zwischen unterschiedlichen Qualitäten von Governance zu unterscheiden. Andererseits zeigen sich am Fall von Unternehmen, deren primäre Motivation nicht auf die Bereitstellung von Kollektivgütern in Räumen begrenzter Staatlichkeit zielt, Probleme der Exklusivität und indirekter Effekte von Governance sowie negativer Externalitäten besonders eindrücklich. Eine Unterscheidung unterschiedlicher Qualitäten von Governance, die diese drei Aspekte berücksichtigt, ist aber auch für andere Governance- Akteure relevant

Annual Report 2013

The 2013 Annual Report includes a review of the year, research highlights and activities across the School's three Faculties, and key facts and figures. The financial review provides an overview of the School's finances and activities during 2012-13

HIV/AIDS in Africa: A Brief Overview of the Global Context

This report provides detailed contextual information and analysis that is required to understand HIV/AIDS on a regional and global scale. It is aimed at donors who wish to fund projects to help those affected by HIV/AIDS in Africa. The report also examines the ensuing social needs, types of response in operation, and the results generated by such interventions. Experienced funders can use this report as a starting point for debate and further research

Are poor, remote areas left behind in agricultural development

"In Tanzania, as in many other developing countries, the conventional wisdom is that economic reforms may have stimulated economic growth, but that the benefits of this growth have been uneven, favoring urban households and farmers with good market access. This idea, although quite plausible, has rarely been tested empirically. In this paper, we develop a new approach to measuring trends in poverty and apply it to Tanzania in order to explore the distributional aspects of economic growth and the relationship between rural poverty and market access. We find that, between 1991 and 2003, a period of extensive economic reforms, the overall rate of poverty fell about 9 percentage points. The degree of poverty reduction was similar between rural and urban areas, though poverty appears not to have declined in Dar es Salaam. The poverty rate fell more among households with a less educated head of household than among those with a more educated head. The gains were greater among male-headed households than female-headed households. We find that rural poverty is associated with remoteness, but the relationship is surprisingly weak and it varies depending on the definition used. Rural poverty is more closely related to access to regional urban centers than distance to roads or to Dar es Salaam. We find little evidence that remote rural areas are being “left behind” in terms of the absolute decline in the poverty rate. " Authors' AbstractMarket access ,Agricultural development ,rural areas ,Economic reform ,measurement ,Rural poverty Tanzania ,