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    Students Understanding of the Second Law of Thermodynamics including Reversible Processes with Suggestions for Effective Instruction

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์ „๊ณต, 2012. 8. ์†ก์ง„์›….๋‹ค์ž…์ž๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์—ญํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™ 2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ์˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด 4๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ ๋‹จ์—ด๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์  ํ‰ํ˜•์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์—์„œ์˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์„ค๋ช…์˜ ์ „์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹์˜ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹, ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ „๊ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์„ฑ์  ์„ค๋ช…์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ, ์‹ dS=ฮดQ/T์˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘” ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ, ์‹ S=klnฮฉ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ dS=ฮดQ/T์˜ ๋„์ž…๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹๋งŒ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์ธ ์˜จ๋„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ S=k lnฮฉ์˜ ๋„์ž…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ์ˆœํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ž‘๋™๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ œ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ด ์ ์€ ํŽธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ๋Š” '๋‘ ์—ด์› ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ํšจ์œจ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค.'๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ ๊ณผ '์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค.'๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํšจ์œจ์€ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค.'๋Š” ์„ธ ์„œ์ˆ  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์—ด ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” 24๋ช…์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ต์œก ์ „๊ณต ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์žฌ์ƒ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋„์›€ ์—†์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ์—ด์› ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ์€ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์žฌ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋™์ผํ•จ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ„์˜ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์™€ ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ • ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ชจ์ˆœ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™์  ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ ๋‹จ์—ด๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์  ํ‰ํ˜•์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์„ ๋ฐฐ์šด 140๋ช…์˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ€ํ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋กœ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์˜ ์šด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค ์œ„์— ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์น˜์› ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์˜ ์šด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ 'pV^ฮณ=์ผ์ •'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹์ด ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋งŒ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•จ์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ์—ด๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์˜์›ํžˆ ์ง„๋™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์—ญํ•™์  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณด์กด ๋ฒ•์น™์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์„ ์ž˜ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์˜ ์ตœ์ข…์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € '๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.'๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ ์„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ญํ•™๊ณผ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ œ์‹œ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ •์„ฑ์  ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ž‘๋™๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์†์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™, ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •, ๊ตฌ์†์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์—ญํ•™๊ณผ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.In the areas of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics which consider many-particle systems, the notion of irreversibility, which is the core of the second law of thermodynamics, is appeared. However, the investigations of students understanding of the second law with focused on many-particle systems and thermodynamic irreversibility were few. This study suggests several ideas for effective instruction of the second law of thermodynamics at the introductory physics level by analyzing explanations of the second law in physics textbooks and investigating students understanding of the second law including reversible processes. This study consists of four parts. The first part analyzed the descriptions of the second law and related concepts appeared in introductory physics textbooks. The second part investigated students understanding of the relationship between thermal efficiencies and the processes of heat engines, and the third part investigated students understanding of irreversible adiabatic processes. Based on the results of three researches, as a final part, ways of how to explain the second law of thermodynamics were suggested. The first research analyzed the forms of content flow, the introduction of mathematical formulas, descriptions of reversible processes, and the Carnot cycle in eight introductory physics textbooks. As a result of the analysis of the content flow with mathematical formulas, three types of characteristics were found. The textbooks focused on qualitative explanations of the second law, the quantitative calculation of dS=ฮดQ/T, or an explanation of S=klnฮฉ. Various methods were used to introduce dS=ฮดQ/T: simply presenting the formula without any qualitative explanation, inducing the formula from Carnots principle, inducing the formula from a definition of statistical temperature, etc. When S=klnฮฉ was explained, most textbooks used metaphors from everyday life situations while just one textbook used a solid model. In the descriptions of the reversible process and the Carnot cycle, it was found that the operational definition of a reversible process was ambiguous, that illustrations did not embody the reversible process, and that the questions to predict the direction of an event through entropy calculations were insufficient. The second research discussed how to solve a contradiction among the three statements of 'all reversible heat engines operating between two reservoirs have the same efficiency', 'an ideal Stirling engine operates reversibly', and 'the efficiency of a Stirling engine is lower than the efficiency of a Carnot engine,' and analyzed undergraduate students thoughts about this contradiction. The participants were 24 students who took a course on thermal and statistical physics at university. The analysis of the explanations of a Stirling engine efficiency showed that a Stirling engine without regenerator cannot operate reversibly between two reservoirs and that the heat efficiency of the Stirling engine was lower than that of Carnot engine. However, if a Stirling engine has a regenerator, it can operate reversibly and the efficiency is equal to that of a Carnot engine. The analysis of students responses showed that most students considered the entropy of a Stirling engine as the most important factor to determine whether the Stirling engine can operate reversibly or not. However, they did not understand clearly the relationship between entropy and a reversible process. Also, many of the participants gave incorrect answers to the question pertaining to the contradiction, with answers such as 'a Stirling engine cannot operate reversibly,' or 'I simply dont know.' It appeared to be caused by students incomplete understanding of thermodynamic processes. The third research investigated students understanding of the movement of an adiabatic system toward an equilibrium state when the system changes irreversibly. The participants were 140 Korean students at a science high school, who had learned thermodynamics in their introductory physics class. A questionnaire that contained two situations involving an adiabatic double chamber and an adiabatic vertical syringe was given to the students. From the analysis, it was found that the students frequently used the formula 'pV^ฮณ=constant' without any consideration of whether the process was reversible or not, although this formula should only be used for reversible adiabatic processes. In addition, the students predicted that the pistons for an adiabatic box or an adiabatic syringe would oscillate eternally because the students believed that the term 'adiabatic' indicated the conservation of mechanical energy or no entropy change of a system without any dissipative effects. They did not recognize the fact that the second law was derived from collisions among many particles, and they did not distinguish between reversible and irreversible processes. Also, they suffered from difficulties in predicting the final state of a system after an irreversible process had been completed. Based on the above findings, the ideas were suggested for effective instruction with a teaching-learning flow chart. In the flow chart, applications of the second law in various situations were emphasized so that students would recognize well the statement that 'the entropy of an isolated system never decreases.' The conditions for applying the second law through the comparison between classical mechanics and thermodynamics were discussed, and the timing of introducing 'a reversible process' was considered. To improve students understanding of a reversible process, providing both qualitative and quantitative explanations of a reversible process with a detailed description of an operating Carnot engine was suggested. Awareness of the restricted conditions pertaining to thermodynamics formulas would also contribute to increasing the ability of students to solve thermodynamic questions. This study showed the various forms on explaining the second law and related concepts, found students understandings and difficulties related to the concepts of the second law including reversible processes, and suggested effective instruction methods to overcome students difficulties through the comparison between classical mechanics and thermodynamics and the provision of concrete explanations of a reversible process.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 4 1.3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 5 1.4. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 8 1.5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 11 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 12 2.1. ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋… 12 2.1.1. ๊ฑฐ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฏธ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 12 2.1.2. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™ 13 2.1.3. ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ • 14 2.1.4. ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ 20 2.2. ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐœ๋… ์กฐ์‚ฌ 27 2.2.1. ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐœ๋… ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 27 2.2.2. ๋ฌธ์ œํ’€์ด์™€ ๊ฐœ๋…์ดํ•ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 30 2.2.3. ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์  32 2.3. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™ ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 35 2.3.1. ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ดํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 35 2.3.2. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€ 37 2.3.3. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™ ๋ฐ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 39 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1: ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ถ„์„ 43 3.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  43 3.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ 44 3.3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 45 3.3.1. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ์„œ์ˆ  45 3.3.2. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„œ์ˆ ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 48 3.3.3. ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ „๊ฐœ ์ˆœ์„œ 52 3.3.4. ํด๋ผ์šฐ์ง€์šฐ์Šค ์‹๊ณผ ๋ณผ์ฏ”๋งŒ ์‹์˜ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹ 55 3.3.5. ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์˜ˆ์ œ 61 3.3.6. ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜ 63 3.3.7. ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ž‘๋™๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… 70 3.4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  72 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2: ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์—ดํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด 77 4.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  77 4.2. ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฐฉ์‹ 78 4.2.1. ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ด ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฐฉ์‹ 79 4.2.2. ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ์€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฐฉ์‹ 85 4.3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์„ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ 87 4.4. ํ•™์ƒ ์‘๋‹ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 89 4.4.1. ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด 90 4.4.2. ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ ํฌ๊ธฐ 91 4.4.3. ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 93 4.4.4. ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ์ด ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ด์œ  102 4.5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  109 5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3: ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ ๋‹จ์—ด๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์  ํ‰ํ˜•์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ดํ•ด 113 5.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  113 5.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์„ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ 115 5.3. ํ•™์ƒ ์‘๋‹ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 120 5.3.1. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ดํ•ด 120 5.3.2. ๋ฐ€ํ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค ์šด๋™์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก 132 5.3.3. ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ๋†“์ธ ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”์—์„œ ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค ์šด๋™์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก 140 5.3.4. ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œํ’€์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ์ง€์‹๋“ค 147 5.4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  156 6. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4 : ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 160 6.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  160 6.2. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด 162 6.3. ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ธก๋ฉด๋“ค 166 6.3.1. ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ ๋“ค 166 6.3.2. ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์„ค๋ช… ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 170 6.4. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 180 6.4.1. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ์กฐ์งํ™” 180 6.4.2. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต ํ๋ฆ„๋„ 184 6.5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  197 7. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 200 7.1. ์š”์•ฝ 200 7.2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  204 7.3. ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ œ 207 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 209 [๋ถ€๋ก1] ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ 223 [๋ถ€๋ก2] ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ ๋‹จ์—ด๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ 227 [๋ถ€๋ก3] ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋‚ด์šฉ 233 ABSTRACT 237Docto

    Representing Entropy with Dispersion Sets

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    A novel representation of entropy is introduced, based on the heuristic concept of heat dispersion. To this end dispersion sets are defined, which describe both the heat transferred to a system and the associated entropy change. Some applications are discussed
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