Authenticating Secure Tokens Using Slow Memory Access

We present an authentication protocol that allows a token, such as a smart card, to authenticate itself to a back-end trusted computer system through an untrusted reader. This protocol relies on the fact that the token will only respond to queries slowly, and that the token owner will not sit patiently while the reader seems not to be working. This protocol can be used alone, with "dumb" memory tokens or with processor-based tokens

Remote Auditing of Software Outputs Using a Trusted Coprocessor

A cryptographic coprocessor is described for certifying outcomes of software programs. The system for certifying and authenticating outputs allows a third party who trusts the secure components of the system to verify that a specified program actually executed and produced a claimed output