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    고해상도 μ΄ˆλΆ„κ΄‘μ˜μƒμ„ ν™œμš©ν•œ ν•˜μ²œ λΆ€μœ μ‚¬λ†λ„ 계츑기법 개발

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ³΅κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ κ±΄μ„€ν™˜κ²½κ³΅ν•™λΆ€, 2022. 8. μ„œμΌμ›.기쑴의 ν•˜μ²œ λΆ€μœ μ‚¬ 농도 계츑은 μƒ˜ν”Œλ§ 기반 직접계츑 방식에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ  고해상도 자료 취득이 μ–΄λ €μš΄ 싀정이닀. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν•œκ³„μ μ„ κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 졜근 μœ„μ„±κ³Ό λ“œλ‘ μ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ 촬영된 λ‹€λΆ„κ΄‘ ν˜Ήμ€ μ΄ˆλΆ„κ΄‘ μ˜μƒμ„ 톡해 κ³ ν•΄μƒλ„μ˜ λΆ€μœ μ‚¬λ†λ„ μ‹œκ³΅κ°„λΆ„ν¬λ₯Ό κ³„μΈ‘ν•˜λŠ” 기법에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 ν™œλ°œνžˆ μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜μ²œ λ¬Όλ¦¬λŸ‰ 계츑에 λΉ„ν•΄ λΆ€μœ μ‚¬ 계츑 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν•˜μ²œμ— 따라 λΆ€μœ μ‚¬κ°€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ²Œ λΆ„ν¬ν•˜κ³  λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ€μœ λ¬Όμ§ˆ ν˜Ήμ€ ν•˜μƒμ— μ˜ν•œ λ°”λ‹₯ λ°˜μ‚¬μ˜ 영ν–₯ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λΆ„κ΄‘ 자료λ₯Ό 톡해 μ •ν™•ν•œ λΆ€μœ μ‚¬λ†λ„ 뢄포λ₯Ό μž¬ν˜„ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μš΄ 싀정이닀. 특히, λΆ€μœ μ‚¬ λΆ„κ΄‘ νŠΉμ„±μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μž…λ„λΆ„ν¬, κ΄‘λ¬ΌνŠΉμ„±, μΉ¨κ°•μ„± 등이 ν•˜μ²œμ— 따라 κ°•ν•œ 지역성을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄κΈ°μ— μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μš”μΈμ—μ„œ μ•ΌκΈ°λ˜λŠ” λΆ„κ΄‘λ‹€μ–‘μ„±μœΌλ‘œ 인해 νŠΉμ • μ‹œκΈ°μ™€ μ§€μ—­μ—λ§Œ μ ν•©ν•œ 원격탐사 기반 계츑 λͺ¨ν˜•λ“€μ΄ κ°œλ°œλ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 뢄광닀양성을 λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν•˜μ²œ 및 μœ μ‚¬ μ‘°κ±΄μ—μ„œ 적용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 고해상도 μ΄ˆλΆ„κ΄‘μ˜μƒμ„ ν™œμš©ν•œ ν•˜μ²œ λΆ€μœ μ‚¬λ†λ„ 계츑방법을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ΄ˆλΆ„κ΄‘ ꡰ집화 기법과 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 파μž₯λŒ€μ˜ λΆ„κ΄‘ λ°΄λ“œλ₯Ό ν•™μŠ΅ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κΈ°κ³„ν•™μŠ΅ νšŒκ·€ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ κ²°ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ CMR-OVλΌλŠ” 방법둠을 μ œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. CMR-OV 개발 및 검증은 1) μ‹€ν—˜μ  연ꡬλ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ ν•˜μ²œ λΆ€μœ μ‚¬ λΆ„κ΄‘ νŠΉμ„±μ˜ μ£Όμš” κ΅λž€ μš”μΈ 뢄석, 2) 졜적 νšŒκ·€λͺ¨ν˜• μ„ μ • 및 μ΄ˆλΆ„κ΄‘ ν΄λŸ¬μŠ€ν„°λ§κ³Όμ˜ κ²°ν•©, 3) ν˜„μž₯μ μš©μ„± ν‰κ°€μ˜ 과정을 거쳐 μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ‹€ν—˜μ  μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μš°μ„  μ‹€λ‚΄ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ 횑방ν–₯ ν˜Όν•©κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ°”λ‹₯ λ°˜μ‚¬λ₯Ό μ œκ±°ν•˜κ³  μ™„μ „ ν˜Όν•©λœ μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ λΆ€μœ μ‚¬μ˜ 고유 μ΄ˆλΆ„κ΄‘ μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλŸΌ 자료λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μ‹€μ œ ν•˜μ²œκ³Ό μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 쑰건의 μ‹€κ·œλͺ¨ μ˜₯μ™Έ 수둜 μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μœ μ‚¬ νŠΉμ„±(μž…λ„ 및 κ΄‘λ¬Ό)κ³Ό ν•˜μƒ νŠΉμ„±(식생 및 λͺ¨λž˜)에 λŒ€ν•œ μ΄ˆλΆ„κ΄‘ 자료λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜μ—¬ 고유 μ΄ˆλΆ„κ΄‘ μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλŸΌκ³Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό, λΆ€μœ μ‚¬μ˜ λΆ„κ΄‘ νŠΉμ„±μ€ μœ μ‚¬μ˜ μ’…λ₯˜ 및 μž…λ„μ— 따라 농도 증가에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ΄ˆλΆ„κ΄‘ μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλŸΌμ˜ λ°˜μ‚¬μœ¨ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μƒμ΄ν•˜κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, 1 m μ΄ν•˜μ˜ 얕은 μˆ˜μ‹¬ μ‘°κ±΄μ—μ„œλŠ” λ°”λ‹₯ λ°˜μ‚¬μ˜ 영ν–₯으둜 ν•˜μƒ μ’…λ₯˜μ— 따라 μ΄ˆλΆ„κ΄‘ μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλŸΌμ˜ κ°œν˜•μ΄ 크게 λ³€ν™”ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, κ³ λ†λ„μ˜ λΆ€μœ μ‚¬κ°€ 뢄포할 λ•Œλ„ λ°”λ‹₯ λ°˜μ‚¬κ°€ 크게 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 뢄광닀양성이 반영된 λΆ€μœ μ‚¬λ†λ„μ™€ μ΄ˆλΆ„κ΄‘ 자료의 관계λ₯Ό κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ κΈ°κ³„ν•™μŠ΅ 기반 랜덀포레슀트 νšŒκ·€ λͺ¨ν˜•κ³Ό κ°€μš°μ‹œμ•ˆ ν˜Όν•© λͺ¨ν˜• 기반 μ΄ˆλΆ„κ΄‘ ꡰ집 기법을 κ²°ν•©ν•œ CMR-OVλ₯Ό μ μš©ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, κΈ°μ‘΄ μ—°κ΅¬λ“€μ—μ„œ 주둜 ν™œμš©λœ λ°΄λ“œλΉ„ 기반의 λͺ¨ν˜•κ³Ό 단일 κΈ°κ³„ν•™μŠ΅λͺ¨ν˜•μ— λΉ„ν•΄ 정확도가 크게 ν–₯μƒν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 특히, κΈ°μ‘΄ 졜적 λ°΄λ“œλΉ„ 뢄석 (OBRA) 방법은 λΉ„μ„ ν˜•μ„±μ„ 고렀해도 쒁은 μ˜μ—­μ˜ 파μž₯λŒ€λ§Œμ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜λŠ” ν•œκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 인해 뢄광닀양성을 λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ‘Œλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, CMR-OVλŠ” 폭 넓은 파μž₯λŒ€ μ˜μ—­μ„ 고렀함과 λ™μ‹œμ— 높은 정확도λ₯Ό μ‚°μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΅œμ’…μ μœΌλ‘œ CMR-OVλ₯Ό ν™©κ°•μ˜ 직선ꡬ간 및 사행ꡬ간과 낙동강과 ν™©κ°•μ˜ ν•©λ₯˜λΆ€μ— μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ ν˜„μž₯검증을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, κΈ°μ‘΄ λͺ¨ν˜• λŒ€λΉ„ 정확도와 λΆ€μœ μ‚¬ 농도 λ§΅ν•‘μ˜ μ •λ°€μ„±μ—μ„œ 큰 κ°œμ„ μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°, λΉ„ν•™μŠ΅μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλ„ 높은 정확도λ₯Ό μ‚°μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 특히, ν•˜μ²œ ν•©λ₯˜λΆ€μ—μ„œλŠ” μ΄ˆλΆ„κ΄‘ ꡰ집을 톡해 두 ν•˜μ²œ νλ¦„μ˜ 경계측을 λͺ…ν™•νžˆ κ΅¬λ³„ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 이λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ 지λ₯˜μ™€ λ³Έλ₯˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 각각 λΆ„λ¦¬λœ νšŒκ·€λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜μ—¬ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ν•©λ₯˜λΆ€ κ·Όμ—­ κ²½κ³„μΈ΅μ—μ„œμ˜ λΆ€μœ μ‚¬ 뢄포λ₯Ό 보닀 μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μž¬ν˜„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, λ‚˜μ•„κ°€μ„œ μž¬ν˜„λœ κ³ ν•΄μƒλ„μ˜ λΆ€μœ μ‚¬ 곡간뢄포λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ ν˜Όν•©λ„λ₯Ό μ‚°μ •ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, κΈ°μ‘΄ 점계츑 λŒ€λΉ„ μƒμ„Έν•˜κ²Œ λΆ€μœ μ‚¬ ν˜Όν•©μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ •λŸ‰μ  평가가 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ°œλ°œν•œ μ΄ˆλΆ„κ΄‘μ˜μƒ 기반 λΆ€μœ μ‚¬ 계츑 κΈ°μˆ μ„ 톡해 μΆ”ν›„ ν•˜μ²œ 쑰사 및 관리 μ‹€λ¬΄μ˜ μ •ν™•μ„± 및 νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ 크게 증진할 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λŒ€λœλ‹€.The conventional measurement method of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the riverine system is labor-intensive and time-consuming since it has been conducted using the sampling-based direct measurement method. For this reason, it is challenging to collect high-resolution datasets of SSC in rivers. In order to overcome this limitation, remote sensing-based techniques using multi- or hyper-spectral images from satellites or UAVs have been recently carried out to obtain high-resolution SSC distributions in water environments. However, suspended sediment in rivers is more dynamic and spatially heterogeneous than those in other fields. Moreover, the sediment and streambed properties have strong regional characteristics depending on the river type; thus, only models suitable for a specific period and region have been developed owing to the increased spectral variability of the water arising from various types of suspended matter in the water and the heterogeneous streambed properties. Therefore, to overcome the limitations of the existing monitoring system, this study proposed a robust hyperspectral imagery-based SSC measurement method, termed cluster-based machine learning regression with optical variability (CMR-OV). This method dealt with the spectral variability problem by combining hyperspectral clustering and machine learning regression with the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and Random forest (RF) regression. The hyperspectral clustering separated the complex dataset into several homogeneous datasets according to spectral characteristics. Then, the machine learning regressors corresponding to clustered datasets were built to construct the relationship between the hyperspectral spectrum and SSC. The development and validation of the proposed method were carried out through the following processes: 1) analysis of confounding factors in the spectral variability through experimental studies, 2) selection of an optimal regression model and validation of hyperspectral clustering, and 3) evaluation of field applicability. In the experimental studies, the intrinsic hyperspectral spectra of suspended sediment were collected in a completely mixed state after removing the bottom reflection using a horizontal rotating cylinder. Then, hyperspectral data on various sediment properties (particle size and mineral contents) and river bed properties (sand and vegetation) were collected from sediment tracer experiments in field-scale open channels under different hydraulic conditions and compared with intrinsic hyperspectral spectra. Consequently, the change of the hyperspectral spectrum was different according to the sediment type and particle size distribution. In addition, under the shallow water depth condition of 1 m or less, the shape of the hyperspectral spectrum changed significantly depending on the bed type due to the bottom reflectance. The bottom reflectance substantially affected the hyperspectral spectrum even when the high SSC was distributed. As a result of combining the GMM and RF regression with building a relationship between the SSC and hyperspectral data reflecting the spectral variability, the accuracy was substantially improved compared to the other methods. In particular, even when nonlinearity is considered based on the existing optimal band ratio analysis (OBRA) method, spectral variability could not be reflected due to the limitation of considering only a narrow wavelength range. On the other hand, CMR-OV showed high accuracy while considering a wide range of wavelengths with clusters having distinct spectral characteristics. Finally, the CMR-OV was applied to the straight and meandering reaches of the Hwang River and the confluence of the Nakdong and Hwang Rivers in South Korea to assess field applicability. There was a remarkable improvement in the accuracy and precision of SSC mapping under various river conditions compared to the existing models, and CMR-OV showed robust performance even with non-calibrated datasets. At the river confluence, the mixing pattern between the main river and tributary was apparently retrieved from CMR-OV under optically complex conditions. Compared to the non-clustered model, hyperspectral clustering played a primary role in improving the performance by separating the water bodies originating from both rivers. It was also possible to quantitatively evaluate the complicated mixing pattern in detail compared to the existing point measurement. Therefore, it is expected that the accuracy and efficiency of river investigation will be significantly improved through the SSC measurement method presented in this study.Abstract of dissertation i List of figures ix List of tables xvii List of abbreviations xix List of symbols xxii 1. Introduction 1 2. Theoretical research 13 2.1.1 Pre-processing of hyperspectral image (HSI) 19 2.1.2 Optical characteristics of suspended sediment in rivers 28 2.1.2.1 Theory of solar radiation transfer in rivers 28 2.1.2.2 Heterogeneity of sediment properties 33 2.1.2.3 Effects of bottom reflectance 38 2.1.2.4 Vertical distribution of suspended sediment 41 2.1.3 Retrieval of suspended sediment from remote sensing data 46 2.1.3.1 Remote sensing-based regression approach 46 2.1.3.2 Clustering of remote sensing data 52 2.2 Mapping of suspended sediment concentration in rivers 56 2.2.1 Traditional method for spatial measurement 56 2.2.2 Spatial measurement at river confluences 57 2.2.2.1 Dynamics of flow and mixing at river confluences 57 2.2.2.2 Field experiments in river confluences 64 3. Experimental studies 68 3.1 Experimental cases 68 3.2 Laboratory experiment 74 3.2.1 Experimental setup 74 3.2.2 Experimental method 78 3.3 Field-scale experiments in River Experiment Center 83 3.3.1 Experiments in the straight channel 83 3.3.2 Experiments in the meandering channel 96 3.4 Field survey 116 3.4.1 Study area and field measurement 116 3.4.2 Hydraulic and sediment data in rivers with simple geometry 122 3.4.3 Hydraulic and sediment data in river confluences 126 3.5 Analysis of hyperspectral data of suspended sediment 141 3.5.1 Hyperspectral data of laboratory experiment 142 3.5.2 Hyperspectral data of field-scale experiments 146 3.5.2.1 Effect of bottom reflectance 146 3.5.2.2 Principal component analysis of the effect of suspended sediment properties 154 4. Development of suspended sediment concentration estimator using UAV-based hyperspectral imagery 164 4.1 Outline of Cluster-based Machine learning Regression with Optical Variability (CMR-OV) 164 4.2 Pre-processing of hyperspectral images 168 4.3 Regression models and clustering technique 173 4.3.1 Index-based regression models 173 4.3.2 Machine learning regression models 175 4.3.3 Relevant band selection 183 4.3.4 Gaussian mixture model for clustering 185 4.3.5 Performance criteria 188 4.4 Model development and evaluation 189 4.4.1 Comparison of regression models 189 4.4.1.1 OBRA-based explicit models 189 4.4.1.2 Machine learning-based implicit models 194 4.4.2 Assessment of hyperspectral clustering 200 4.4.3 Spatio-temporal SSCV mapping using CMR-OV 215 5. Evaluation of field applicability of CMR-OV 225 5.1 Outline of field applicability test 225 5.2 Cross-applicability validation of CMR-OV 227 5.3 Assessment of field applicability in rivers with simple geometry 234 5.4 Assessment of field applicability in river confluences 241 5.4.1 Classification of river regions using hyperspectral clustering 241 5.4.2 Retrievals of SSCV map 258 5.4.3 Mixing pattern extraction from SSCv map 271 6. Conclusions and future study 274 6.1 Conclusions 274 6.2 Future directions 278 Reference 280 Appendix 308 Appendix A. Breakthrough curve (BTC) analysis 308 Appendix B. Experimental data 310 Appendix B. 1. BTCs of in-situ measured SSC from field-scale experiments 310 Appendix B. 2. Dataset of spectra from hyperspectral images and corresponding SSC in rivers 330 Appendix C. CMR-OV code 331 ꡭ문초둝 337λ°•
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