Extraction of biological hydroxyapatite from tuna fish bone for biomedical applications

Natural hydroxyapatite (HAp) is known for its common use in biomedical applications including in orthopaedic and implantation. HAp can be extracted from natural resources such as eggshells, fish bones and coral. Annually, it is found that huge amount of tuna fish bones was thrown away and being wasted as results from great consumption of tuna fish. In this study, tuna fish bones were extracted and characterised to be used in biomedical applications. Specifically, tuna fish bones were cleaned, and calcined at high temperature of 700 °C, 900 °C and 1100 °C. Powders calcined at 700 °C showed pure HAp compared to powders calcined at 900 °C and 1100 °C which showed the presence of β-TCP. As temperature rising, the morphology of the powders also changes from spherical-shaped to irregular-shaped indicated the substitution of phosphate and calcium from the β-TCP which also influenced the ratio of Ca/P obtained. In this study, powders calcined at 700 °C obtained optimum Ca/P ratio of 1.60. Moreover, EDS analysis showed the presence of tracer elements such as Ca, Mg, Sr Na, K and Zn in all calcined samples. These elements can help improve the biocompatibility of the HAp and beneficial for biomedical applications

Does going green pay off? The effect of an international environmental agreement on tropical timber trade

Trade-related measures aim to regulate side-effects in international environmental agreements and are expected to positively influence the level of participation in the agreements as well as their degree of stability. In this paper we examine one side-effect of the 1994 International Tropical Timber Agreement - its impact on tropical timber trade. We use a cross-sectional dataset on bilateral trade flows of tropical timber that additionally contains information on trading partners' economic and geographical characteristics. Our empirical specification is based on a gravity equation, which is estimated using Heckman's selection model to address the potentially systematic selection of trading partners. We find significantly positive impacts of the 1994 ITTA on member countries' level of tropical timber trade. Furthermore, poor exporter countries benefit more from this trade enhancing effect than their richer counterparts.International environmental agreements, side benefits, bilateral trade flows, product quality, sample selection

Development of standard volume equations for Malaysian timber trees I: Dark Red and Light Red Merantis

Volume is important in updating and projecting inventories, determining harvest level or allowable cut, scheduling the harvest unit for logging, analyzing potential alternatives stand treatments and determining site-productivity. Inherent in the preparation of a forest management plan, an annual forest working plan and a forest harvesting plan is the availability of a volume table, which is usually derived from a functional relationship using a diameter and/or a log length or tree height. Four unweighted and five weighted volume equations were fitted by the method of least squares to volume data of each of the two species groups of Dipterocarp Merantis - Dark Red Meranti (DRM) and Light Red Meranti (LRM) obtained from the mixed tropical forest of Malaysia. Furnival`s Index (FI) was used as the criterion for selecting the best fit regression equation of each species group under study. The equation weighted by 1/D2H showed its superiority over other equations in both species groups

Development of allometric model for mixed and shorea tree species through synergistic analysis of remote sensing data / Nafisah Khalid

There are currently 153 species of Shorea listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red list 2013 where Shorea leprocula (Meranti tembaga), Shorea pauciflora king (Meranti nemesu) and Shorea resinosa (Meranti belang) that are found in the Ampang Forest Reserve are listed as endangered species. Due to the current list, mapping and monitoring the forest inventories of this species is necessary to provide the regular report for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) program especially concerning the accurate estimation of total aboveground biomass in calculating the carbon stock. However, uncertainties in tropical forest remain high because it is costly and laborious to measure the tree variables accurately in relation to quantify the aboveground biomass. Thus, recent remote sensing technology that allows for accurate operational and managerial inventories in a cost effective and timely manner is constantly in demand. In this study, the pan-sharpening Worldview-2 imagery is used to extract the tree crown parameters using object-based image analysis. Three image segmentation methods have examined which are image filtering, combination of image filtering with inverse watershed and multiresolution with local extrema image segmentation..

Optimalisasi Pendapatan dalam Kombinasi Pengelolaan Hutan Tanaman di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur

This research was conducted at the village of Sukamaju in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, PT Melapi Timber and PT INHUTANI I Long Well, which includes observation, the conduct of research and data collection. The object of this study was people or companies that commercialize three plants of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), Red Meranti (Shorea leprosula) and Parica (Schizolobium amazonicum) of various ages (4, 8, 15 and 17 years).Analysis of the data include: Analysis of Linear Programming and SWOT analysis. Results of the research showed that: (1) The optimal revenue of forest plantation industry is Rp2.739.503.000,-, this means that if the head of the family has a land area of 15 ha, the income per month is Rp4.082.469,- or Rp204.123,- per hectare. (2) An optimal income of forest plantation industry achieved with the combination of Red Meranti plants 5 ha, Parica 5 ha and Mahogany 5 ha, means that each family has a land area of 15 ha. (3) The remaining input supply all used up. (4) An income sensitivity interval shows that the optimal reception will not change if the increase or decrease in receipts of Red Meranti, Parica and Mahogany happened to the limit specified intervals, increase or decrease the income is influenced by the price of timber in the market (5) Cost of production used to achieve optimal revenue amounted Rp790.997.000,-. Production costs in the construction of HTR ranges between 40-60 million IDR per hectare, whereas the standards costs set by the government is smaller at only 9-12 million IDR per hektar. (6) Sensitivity interval of input supplies of manure, harvesting and thinning, and (7) From the SWOT analysis: the things to be done by the stakeholders are working together to minimize the weaknesses that exist and to face the threat, in addition also to manage the power to increase the opportunities

Pendugaan Biomassa Karbon Serasah Dan Tanah Pada Hutan Tanaman (Shorea Leprosula Miq) Sistem Tptii PT. Suka Jaya Makmur

Global warming is one of the important environmental issues that currently concern to various parties. Related to the phenomenon, environmentalists begin to worry what conditions of earth will be if global warming continues. Forests has important roles through three ways;the first is as a carbon pool, the second is as a source of CO2 and the third is as carbon sink. If the forest is properly managed, it will be able to overcome the excessive amount of carbon in the atmosphere by storing carbon in the form of biomass which is either above or below the ground surface. One forest stands whose carbon can be assessed is the forest plantation of red meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq). This study aimed to estimate the amount of biomass carbon of litter and soil organic carbon in the forest plantation of red meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq). This study used proposive system with composite of litter and soil sampling in the field by making a diagonal plot size is 100 × 100 meters, then make a plot of 1 × 1 meter as a plot for litter and soil sampling which is the depth of 20 cm below the stands of red Meranti plantation. Based on the results of the research, total biomass ranged between 31.72 and 61.14 ton / ha. The better an ecosystem of an in area is, the more fertilezed that area will be and, indirectly the higher the litter carbon will be produced.. Based on the results of litter carbon conten which ranged from 11 to 23.5%. a year growing plant gained 11%, while a 7 year growing plant gained 23.5%. The longer the age of the is, the greater carbon will be produced. Based on the study\u27s finding, the level of soil organic is low ranged from 1.08 to 1.96%. The level of soil organic carbon shows that the longer the age of the plant is, the greater the level of content of soil organic carbon. Keywords: Biomass ,Carbon, litter, soil organic carbon, Shorea leprosula Miq

Market coverage of wood imports by the EU Timber Regulation

Illegal Logging is one of the major global causes for deforestation and the degradation of forests. The further manufacturing of illegally logged wood and products made thereof as well as the associated trade has also negative social and economic effects on both sides of the wood markets, the producer and consumer countries. One of the key measures of the European Union (EU) to combat illegal logging is the EU Timber Regulation (EUTR). The EUTR came into effect on March 1, 2013 and it prohibits the placing of wood and wood products made of illegally logged wood on the EU internal market. This placement can either be done by selling removals from European forests or by importing wood and wood-based products into the EU. But for what kind of products does the regulation apply exactly? The EUTR refers to its An-nex where a list is provided with respective commodities. The products are structured ac-cording to the trade classification of the Combined Nomenclature (CN). The main focus is laid on wood and articles of wood (chapter 44 of the CN), on pulp of wood (chapter 47) and on paper and paperboard and articles made thereof (chapter 48). Additionally commodity codes for furniture and one code for prefabricated buildings are listed. However, as certain wood-based products are not included in the EUTR, the question arises, how many wood-based products are not covered by the EUTR. What is the coverage ratio of the EUTR if we are looking at all wood-based products? [...

Identifikasi Kuat Acuan Terhadap Jenis Kayu Yang Diperdagangkan Di Kota Kupang Berdasarkan Sni 7973:2013

According to results of the test, quality code of each woods is: Timber = E14, Spinach = E14, Red Teak = E12, Candlenut wood = E10 and Cassowary = E15.The compressive strength perpendicular to the wood fibers: Timber= 23,00 MPa, Spinach = 31,00 MPa, Teak Red = 9,67 MPa, Candlenut= 8.67 MPa and cassowary= 21,67 MPa. The compressive strength parallel to the wood fibers: Timber = 70,33 MPa, Spinach = 79,33 MPa, Teak Red = 36,00 MPa, Candlenut= 26,00 MPa and cassowary = 50,00 MPa. Value bending strength of wood: Timber= 132,06 MPa, Spinach= 174,66 MPa, Teak Red= 59,64 MPa, Candlenut= 51,12 MPa and cassowary= 110,76 MPa. The percentage value of compressive strength test comparison between the wood fibers parallel investigation against SNI 7973: 2013: Timber= 164,01%, Spinach= 197.80%, Teak Red= 59.57%, Candlenut= 57.00% and Cassowary= 73,61%. Value percentage ratio of compressive strength test perpendicular to the wood fibers are examined against SNI 7973: 2013: Timber= 365.29%, Spinach= 527,12%, Teak Red= 131,54%, Candlenut= 143,64% and Cassowary= 479,20%. Percentage value comparison test between the flexural strength of the wood studied the SNI 7973: 2013: Timber= 312,64%, Spinach = 445,74%, Teak Red = 121,51%, Candlenut= 154,76% and Cassowary= 215.99%