Synthesis of Glycoconjugates in Potentiating Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Activity

The full range of glycoconjugates made up of glycans, or carbohydrate chains, that are covalently joined to lipid or protein molecules is known as the glycome. Glycoconjugates are created, through the process of glycosylation (vary in length, glycan sequence, and the connections that connect them). The creation of therapies can now take advantage of new knowledge about the structure and operation of the glycome, which may enhance our capacity to control inflammation and immune responses, maximize the efficacy of therapeutic antibodies, and enhance immune responses to cancer. These instances highlight the promise of the young discipline of “glycomedicine.” The prevalence of glycoconjugates in nature and their significance in various biological processes have prompted the development of numerous synthesizing techniques for these molecules. Today, synthetic glycoconjugates are utilized to address a wide range of biological concerns linked to glycoconjugates. This study seeks to update earlier reviews on the topic as well as gather and compile the most recent developments in the fields of glycopeptide, glycoprotein, and glycolipid synthesis. Finally, we hope that this study may stimulate fruitful research in this significant area of medicinal chemistry by highlighting the triumphs and shortcomings of prior research

Development of water-soluble tetravalent glycoclusters based around a calix[4]resorcinarene core

Calix[4]resorcinarenes functionalised with glycosidic ligands on their lower rim have received little interest compared to analogues bearing carbohydrates on the upper rim. In this study, series of novel macrocyclic glycoclusters bearing mono- or disaccharides on the lower rim of a calix[4]resorcinarene core were prepared. Calix[4]resorcinarenes can exist as conformational isomers so each glycocluster was isolated and characterised as the pure conformer, where possible. Amongst the distinct features of this work is that Lewis acid catalysis was used for the synthesis of calix[4]resorcinarenes by condensation of resorcinol, or its 2-substitued analogues, with an aldehyde. Also, rather than linking the glycosidic moieties to the pre-formed calix[4]resorcinarene, the glycosidic aldehydes were assembled prior to condensation with the resorcinols. Significantly, acylation of the glycoclusters facilitated separation of each conformational isomer. Amongst the aldehydes used for condensation were glycosylated derivatives of hydroxybenzaldehydes, compounds with a short alkyl spacer between the glycosidic aryl moiety and the aldehydic carbonyl group, and a number with an alkyl or polyether spacer that did not contain any aryl group. Following a study of the condensation products from the reaction of each series of aldehydes with resorcinol, 2-methylresorcinol or pyrogallol it became clear that the distribution of conformational isomers could be predicted, influenced greatly by the properties of the starting materials. Finally, it was demonstrated that deprotection of a conformational isomer obtained during the initial studies gave a glycosylated calix[4]resorcinarene which is fully soluble in aqueous media. Such compounds may have great potential in solubilisation and the formulation of hydrophobic drugs

Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Glycoconjugate Amphiphiles

Glyconanoparticles essentially result from the (covalent or noncovalent) association of nanometer-scale objects with carbohydrates. Such glyconanoparticles can take many different forms and this mini review will focus only on soft materials (colloids, liposomes, gels etc.) with a special emphasis on glycolipid-derived nanomaterials and the chemistry involved for their synthesis. Also this contribution presents Low Molecular Weight Gels (LMWGs) stabilized by glycoconjugate amphiphiles. Such soft materials are likely to be of interest for different biomedical applications