Ringtest to evaluate four methods of resistance testing in fodder radish against Meloidogyne chitwoodi

To measure levels of resistance in fodder radish cultivars a reliable, objective and cost effective testing method is required. In 2006 German and Dutch plant breeder’s organizations (Bundesverband Deutscher Pflanzenzüchter; BDP and Plantum), a number of research institutes (PRI, PPO (WUR) and JKI) and breeding companies started this “Ring test project”.Aim of this project was to compare different methods to quantify the level of resistance in fodder radish varieties against Meloidogyne chitwoodi. The final aim is to find the best method and criteria which can serve as an European standard for evaluation of the level of resistance in fodder radish (Raphanus sativus) against M. chitwoodi. In total four fodder radish genotypes, delivered by various breeding companies, and one reference (susceptible) fodder radish cultivar were investigated with three different lab tests and one field-experimen

Aerodynamic Analysis Of Voice In Persons With Laryngopharyngeal Reflux

Objectives of the study: The individuals with laryngopharyngeal reflux are prone for aspiration of refluxed contents and so there is a need for aerodynamic evaluation in these individuals. Hence, the present study investigated the aerodynamic characteristics in individuals with Laryngopharyngeal reflux. Study design: Prospective control group design. Method: Thirty laryngopharyngeal reflux subjects and 30 normal subjects participated in the study. Aerodynamic parameters such as vital capacity, mean air flow rate, maximum phonation duration and phonation quotient were measured using Aero Phone Instrument ((Model 6800). Independent t test was employed for statistical inference. Results: The results revealed that the vital capacity and maximum phonation duration values were lower for laryngopharyngeal reflux subjects when compared to normal controls. No significant differences were observed for mean air flow rate and phonation quotient. Conclusions: The results revealed that the laryngopharyngeal reflux individuals showed significant deviations in aerodynamic parameters when compared to normal individuals. Thus study confirms aerodynamic abnormalities in laryngopharyngeal reflux subject

Effect of Soil Separation Technique with Integrated Catch Crops and Manure on Yield and Quality of Potatoes in Organic Farming

The quality of potatoes in stony soils can be improved by the soil separation technique. If this technique is used in autumn in combination with integrated catch-crop growing and fertilization of stable manure or slurry a higher yield was observed, but also a lower leaching rate of nitrate over the winter period. This was tested in field trials under organic farming conditions in 1999 and 2000 on the experimental farm Lindhof of the University of Kiel. Catch crops as oil radish or yellow mustard were able to fix 60 - 70 kg Nt ha-1. Tuber yield after oil radish (36.4 t ha-1) was higher than after yellow mustard (33.0 t ha-1) and was significantly higher compared to the control (30.3 t ha-1). Cowshed manure (80 kg Nt ha-1) or slurry (40 kg Nt ha-1) increased yield in a similar range as catch crops. The highest yield (41.7 t ha-1) was recorded after oil radish combined with manuring of 40 kg Nt ha-1 slurry. Also the nitrogen uptake by the tubers was highest after oil radish combined with slurry 87.1 kg ha-1 compared to 57,7 kg ha-1 in the control. The comparison of the soil separation technique in autumn in the year before or in spring just before planting the potatoes showed higher yield after the use in autumn

Selenium Biofortification in Radish Enhances Nutritional Quality via Accumulation of Methyl-Selenocysteine and Promotion of Transcripts and Metabolites Related to Glucosinolates, Phenolics, and Amino Acids

Two selenium (Se) fertilization methods were tested for their effects on levels of anticarcinogenic selenocompounds in radish (Raphanus sativus), as well as other nutraceuticals. First, radish was grown on soil and foliar selenate applied 7d before harvest at 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg Se per plant. Selenium levels were up to 1,200 mg Se/kg DW in leaves and 120 mg Se/kg DW in roots. The thiols cysteine and glutathione were present at 2-3 fold higher levels in roots of Se treated plants, and total glucosinolate levels were 35% higher, due to increases in glucoraphanin. The only seleno-aminoacid detected in Se treated plants was Se-methyl-SeCys (100 mg/kg FW in leaves, 33 mg/kg FW in roots). The levels of phenolic aminoacids increased with selenate treatment, as did root total nitrogen and protein content, while the level of several polyphenols decreased. Second, radish was grown in hydroponics and supplied with 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 \uf06dM selenate for one week. Selenate treatment led to a 20-30% increase in biomass. Selenium concentration was 242 mg Se/kg DW in leaves and 85 mg Se/kg DW in roots. Cysteine levels decreased with Se in leaves but increased in roots; glutatione levels decreased in both. Total glucosinolate levels in leaves decreased with Se treatment due to repression of genes involved in glucosinolates metabolism. Se-methyl-SeCys concentration ranged from 7-15 mg/kg FW. Aminoacid concentration increased with Se treatment in leaves but decreased in roots. Roots of Se treated plants contained elevated transcript levels of sulfate transporters (Sultr) and ATP sulfurylase, a key enzyme of S/Se assimilation. No effects on polyphenols were observed. In conclusion, Se biofortification of radish roots may be achieved via foliar spray or hydroponic supply. One to ten radishes could fulfill the daily human requirement (70 \uf06dg) after a single foliar spray of 5 mg selenate per plant or one week of 5-10 \uf06dM selenate supply in hydroponics. The radishes metabolized selenate to the anticarcinogenic compound Se-methyl-selenocysteine. Selenate treatment enhanced levels of other nutraceuticals in radish roots, including glucoraphanin. Therefore, Se biofortification can produce plants with superior health benefit

Tillage Radish Seeding Rate Trial

Tillage radishes are being utilized by farmers as a new cover crop for their unique characteristics. Tillage radishes are quick at scavenging nitrogen, provide good ground cover, and break down very quickly in the spring to make way for spring planting and provide available nitrogen to the next crop. The plants winter kill, but the dead frozen plant material can still supress the earliest spring weeds from establishing. The holes left by decomposed roots allow more water to infiltrate the soil. Growing tillage radish as a cover crop in the northeast is new and best practices for success have yet to be established. Proper seeding rates must be determined to enable the crop to proivde quick ground cover and substantial root growth while minimizing planting costs

Tillage Radish Planting Date x Seeding Rate Trial

Farmers are interested in growing tillage radishes as they may potentially offer many environmental and economic benefits. Tillage radishes are quick at scavenging excess nitrogen, provide good ground cover, and break down very quickly in the spring to make way for spring planting. The plants winter kill, but the dead frozen plant material can still supress the earliest spring weeds from establishing. The roots themselves are known to drill through compacted soil layers as they grow, and the holes left by decomposed roots the next spring may also allow more water to infiltrate into the soil. Growing tillage radish as a cover crop in the northeast is new and best practices for success have yet to be established. Although a tillage radish crop may have many benefits, it must be planted earlier than our other cereal grain cover crops commonly used following corn silage. Proper planting and seeding rates must be determined to enable the crop to provide quick ground cover and substantial root growth while minimizing planting costs. The goal of this project was to determine the impact of planting date and seeding rate on tillage radish survival and crop characteristics including nitrogen content and root volume. While the data presented are only representative of one year, this information can be combined with other research to aid in making planting decisions for tillage radishes in the Northeast

Diversity of the arthropod fauna in organically grown garlic intercropped with fodder radish.

The cultivation of garlic faces several problems, which include pest attack, and the diversification of habitat through intercropping with attractive plants comes up as a method to pest management. The objective of this research was to verify the effect of the association of garlic with fodder radish on richness, abundance and diversity of arthropods under organic production system in Lavras, MG, Brazil. The treatments were composed of garlic in monoculture and garlic in association with fodder radish, in plots of 40 garlic plants, intercropped or not with two lines of fodder radish. Weekly, 25 samples were collected for a period of 10 weeks (n=250). Species accumulation curves, species richness, abundance, and diversity index were determined, and T or Mann-Whitney tests were used for analysis. The 250 samples collected were sufficient to register the majority of species present in garlic. Richness and abundance were higher in diversified garlic whereas diversity was higher in monoculture. Diversified system increased the overall richness of phytophagous species and parasitoids. The abundance of T. tabaci decreased, while increased the presence of A. fabae, demonstrating that the association was potentially beneficent to the culture. The possible reasons for these results are discussed, and future works should focus in the ecological mechanisms involved in crop diversification of organic garlic

Tillage Radish Planting Date x Seeding Rate Trial

Farmers are interested in growing tillage radishes as they may potentially offer many environmental and economic benefits. Tillage radishes are quick at scavenging excess nitrogen (N), provide good ground cover, and break down very quickly in the spring to make way for spring planting. The plants winter kill, but the dead frozen plant material can still supress the earliest spring weeds from establishing. The roots themselves are known to drill through compacted soil layers as they grow, and the holes left by decomposed roots the next spring may also allow more water to infiltrate into the soil. Growing tillage radish as a cover crop in the northeast is new, and best practices for success have yet to be established. Although a tillage radish crop may have many benefits, it must be planted earlier than our other cereal grain cover crops commonly used following corn silage. Proper planting and seeding rates must be determined to enable the crop to provide quick ground cover and substantial root growth while minimizing planting costs. The goal of this project was to determine the impact of planting date and seeding rate on tillage radish survival and crop characteristics including N content and root volume. While the data presented are only representative of one year, this information can be combined with other research to aid in making planting decisions for tillage radishes in the Northeast

Rapid evolution of morphology and adaptive life history in the invasive California wild radish (Raphanus sativus) and the implications for management.

Understanding the evolution and demography of invasive populations may be key for successful management. In this study, we test whether or not populations of the non-native, hybrid-derived California wild radish have regionally adapted to divergent climates over their 150-year history in California and determine if population demographic dynamics might warrant different region-specific strategies for control. Using a reciprocal transplant approach, we found evidence for genetically based differences both between and among northern, coastal and southern, inland populations of wild radish. Individual fitness was analyzed using a relatively new statistical method called 'aster modeling' which integrates temporally sequential fitness measurements. In their respective home environments, fitness differences strongly favored southern populations and only slightly favored northern populations. Demographic rates of transition and sensitivities also differed between regions of origin, suggesting that the most effective approach for reducing overall population growth rate would be to target different life-history stages in each region

THE INVESTIGATION OF CROP WEEDINESS IN THE CROP ROTATION OF ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEM

Field experiments were conducted during the period of 2004 – 2006 at the Research and Study Farm „Vecauce”. The aim of the investigation was to establish the weediness’ dynamics of crops in a six-field crop rotation of an organic farming system. The field was certified as being organic. Crop rotation: 1. triticale/ rye (for green manure in spring), 2. oil radish (for green manure)/ rye (for green manure in autumn), 3. potatoes, 4. oats, 5. vetch-oats mix (for green forage) with an undersown mixture of red clover and timothy, 6. red clover and timothy. Conventional soil tillage was done according to the requirements of the crops. The weeds were counted two times during the vegetation period of crops: at the early development stages of crops (for instance, at the tillering of cereals) and before the crop harvesting. The composition of weed flora comprised from 59 species in the crops’ stands. The annual dicotyledonus were dominating groups of the weed flora. The most abundant weeds were lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), quackgrass (Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski), common yellow rocket (Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.p.p.). The significantly smaller amount of weeds among crop rotation links was observed in the link rye/ oil radish/ rye – potatoes – oats. Much worse suppression of weeds was obtained in the crop rotation link red clover and timothy – triticale/ rye – oil radish/ rye. The number of weeds in the fields of crop rotation in the organic farming system is dependent on the cultivated crops, the succession of crops in the crop rotation links and crop cultivation technologies