The efficacy of two rotary NiTi instruments and H-files to remove gutta-percha from root canals

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of R-Endo® and K3® rotary nickel-titanium instruments compared with manual instrumentation with H-files, with use of a solvent, for removal of gutta-percha during retreatment. Study design: Forty five freshly extracted human single-rooted teeth, each with one root canal, were instrumented with K-files and filled using cold lateral compaction of gutta-percha and AH 26® sealer. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 15 specimens each. Removal of gutta-percha was performed with the following devices and techniques: Group 1 (H-files), Group 2 (R-Endo®), and Group 3 (K3®). The specimens were rendered transparent for the evaluation of the area of remaining gutta-percha/sealer in buccolingual and mesiodistal directions. Statistical analysis as performed by using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p=0.05). Results: All retreatment techniques used in this study left some filling material inside the root canal. Images in buccolingual and mesiodistal directions showed no significant differences between the groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: Under the experimental conditions, the remaining filling material after retreatment was similar for each group

Field-dependent quantum gauge transformation

In this paper we generalize the quantum gauge transformation of Maxwell theory obtained through gaugeon formalism. The generalization is made by making the bosonic transformation parameter field-dependent. The Jacobian of vacuum functional under field-dependent quantum gauge transformation is calculated explicitly. We show that the quantum gauge transformation with a particular choice of field-dependent parameter connects the gaugeon actions of Maxwell theory in two different gauges. We establish the result by connecting two well-known gauges, namely, Lorentz gauge and axial gauge.Comment: 7 pages, No figure, Journal versio

M-Theory in the Gaugeon Formalism

In this paper we will analyse the Aharony-Bergman-Jafferis-Maldacena (ABJM) theory in $\mathcal{N}=1$ superspace formalism. We then study the quantum gauge transformations for this ABJM theory in gaugeon formalism. We will also analyse the extended BRST symmetry for this ABJM theory in gaugeon formalism and show that these BRST transformations for this theory are nilpotent and this in turn leads to the unitary evolution of the $\mathcal{S}$-matrix.Comment: 8 pages, 0 figures, accepted for publication in Comm. Theor. Phy

Gauge Freedom in Path Integrals in Abelian Gauge Theory

We extend gauge symmetry of Abelian gauge field to incorporate quantum gauge degrees of freedom. We twice apply the Harada--Tsutsui gauge recovery procedure to gauge-fixed theories. First, starting from the Faddeev--Popov path integral in the Landau gauge, we recover the gauge symmetry by introducing an additional field as an extended gauge degree of freedom. Fixing the extended gauge symmetry by the usual Faddeev--Popov procedure, we obtain the theory of Type I gaugeon formalism. Next, applying the same procedure to the resulting gauge-fixed theory, we obtain a theory equivalent to the extended Type I gaugeon formalism.Comment: 16 page

Gaugeon Formalism for Spin-3/2 Rarita-Schwinger Gauge Field

We provide a gauge covariant formalism of the canonically quantized theory of spin-3/2 Rarita-Schwinger gauge field. The theory admits a quantum gauge transformation by which we can shift the gauge fixing parameter. The quantum gauge transformation does not change the BRST charge. Thus, the physical Hilbert space is trivially independent of the gauge fixing parameter.Comment: 13 pages, no figures, LaTe

Gravitinos in non-Ricci-flat backgrounds

We discuss the gauge invariance and "mass" of the Rarita-Schwinger field in a background spacetime which is assumed to be Einstein but not necessarily Ricci-flat.Comment: LaTeX, 4 pages. Typos corrected, one significan