18,390 research outputs found
Quantum walk based search algorithms
In this survey paper we give an intuitive treatment of the discrete time
quantization of classical Markov chains. Grover search and the quantum walk
based search algorithms of Ambainis, Szegedy and Magniez et al. will be stated
as quantum analogues of classical search procedures. We present a rather
detailed description of a somewhat simplified version of the MNRS algorithm.
Finally, in the query complexity model, we show how quantum walks can be
applied to the following search problems: Element Distinctness, Matrix Product
Verification, Restricted Range Associativity, Triangle, and Group
Commutativity.Comment: 16 pages, survey pape
A Quantum Random Walk Search Algorithm
Quantum random walks on graphs have been shown to display many interesting
properties, including exponentially fast hitting times when compared with their
classical counterparts. However, it is still unclear how to use these novel
properties to gain an algorithmic speed-up over classical algorithms. In this
paper, we present a quantum search algorithm based on the quantum random walk
architecture that provides such a speed-up. It will be shown that this
algorithm performs an oracle search on a database of items with
calls to the oracle, yielding a speed-up similar to other quantum
search algorithms. It appears that the quantum random walk formulation has
considerable flexibility, presenting interesting opportunities for development
of other, possibly novel quantum algorithms.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figure
Finding a marked node on any graph by continuous-time quantum walk
Spatial search by discrete-time quantum walk can find a marked node on any
ergodic, reversible Markov chain quadratically faster than its classical
counterpart, i.e.\ in a time that is in the square root of the hitting time of
. However, in the framework of continuous-time quantum walks, it was
previously unknown whether such general speed-up is possible. In fact, in this
framework, the widely used quantum algorithm by Childs and Goldstone fails to
achieve such a speedup. Furthermore, it is not clear how to apply this
algorithm for searching any Markov chain . In this article, we aim to
reconcile the apparent differences between the running times of spatial search
algorithms in these two frameworks. We first present a modified version of the
Childs and Goldstone algorithm which can search for a marked element for any
ergodic, reversible by performing a quantum walk on its edges. Although
this approach improves the algorithmic running time for several instances, it
cannot provide a generic quadratic speedup for any . Secondly, using the
framework of interpolated Markov chains, we provide a new spatial search
algorithm by continuous-time quantum walk which can find a marked node on any
in the square root of the classical hitting time. In the scenario where
multiple nodes are marked, the algorithmic running time scales as the square
root of a quantity known as the extended hitting time. Our results establish a
novel connection between discrete-time and continuous-time quantum walks and
can be used to develop a number of Markov chain-based quantum algorithms.Comment: This version deals only with new algorithms for spatial search by
continuous-time quantum walk (CTQW) on ergodic, reversible Markov chains.
Please see arXiv:2004.12686 for results on the necessary and sufficient
conditions for the optimality of the Childs and Goldstone algorithm for
spatial search by CTQ
Quantum walk-based search algorithms with multiple marked vertices
The quantum walk is a powerful tool to develop quantum algorithms, which
usually are based on searching for a vertex in a graph with multiple marked
vertices, Ambainis's quantum algorithm for solving the element distinctness
problem being the most shining example. In this work, we address the problem of
calculating analytical expressions of the time complexity of finding a marked
vertex using quantum walk-based search algorithms with multiple marked vertices
on arbitrary graphs, extending previous analytical methods based on Szegedy's
quantum walk, which can be applied only to bipartite graphs. Two examples based
on the coined quantum walk on two-dimensional lattices and hypercubes show the
details of our method.Comment: 12 pages, 1 table, 2 fig
Multiself-loop Lackadaisical Quantum Walk with Partial Phase Inversion
Quantum walks are the quantum counterpart of classical random walks and
provide an intuitive framework for building new quantum algorithms. The
lackadaisical quantum walk, which is a quantum analog of the lazy random walk,
is obtained by adding a self-loop transition to each state allowing the walker
to stay stuck in the same state, being able to improve the performance of the
quantum walks as search algorithms. However, the high dependence of a weight
makes it a key parameter to reach the maximum probability of success in the
search process. Although many advances have been achieved with search
algorithms based on quantum walks, the number of self-loops can also be
critical for search tasks. Believing that the multiple self-loops have not yet
been properly explored, this article proposes the quantum search algorithm
Multiself-loop Lackadaisical Quantum Walk with Partial Phase Inversion, which
is based on a lackadaisical quantum walk with multiple self-loops where the
target state phase is partially inverted. Each vertex has self-loops, with
weights , where is a real parameter. The phase inversion is based
on Grover's algorithm and acts partiality, modifying the phase of a given
quantity of self-loops. On a hypercube structure, we analyzed
the situation where and and investigated its
effects in the search for 1 to 12 marked vertices. Based on two ideal weights
used in the literature, we propose two new weight values. As a result, with
the proposal of the Multiself-loop Lackadaisical Quantum Walk with partial
phase inversion of target states and the new weight values for the self-loop,
this proposal improved the maximum success probabilities to values close to 1.
This article contributes with a new perspective on the use of quantum
interferences in the construction of new quantum search algorithms.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, 3 table
Search via Quantum Walk
We propose a new method for designing quantum search algorithms for finding a
"marked" element in the state space of a classical Markov chain. The algorithm
is based on a quantum walk \'a la Szegedy (2004) that is defined in terms of
the Markov chain. The main new idea is to apply quantum phase estimation to the
quantum walk in order to implement an approximate reflection operator. This
operator is then used in an amplitude amplification scheme. As a result we
considerably expand the scope of the previous approaches of Ambainis (2004) and
Szegedy (2004). Our algorithm combines the benefits of these approaches in
terms of being able to find marked elements, incurring the smaller cost of the
two, and being applicable to a larger class of Markov chains. In addition, it
is conceptually simple and avoids some technical difficulties in the previous
analyses of several algorithms based on quantum walk.Comment: 21 pages. Various modifications and improvements, especially in
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