35,535 research outputs found
Quantum Finance
Quantum theory is used to model secondary financial markets. Contrary to
stochastic descriptions, the formalism emphasizes the importance of trading in
determining the value of a security. All possible realizations of investors
holding securities and cash is taken as the basis of the Hilbert space of
market states. The temporal evolution of an isolated market is unitary in this
space. Linear operators representing basic financial transactions such as cash
transfer and the buying or selling of securities are constructed and simple
model Hamiltonians that generate the temporal evolution due to cash flows and
the trading of securities are proposed. The Hamiltonian describing financial
transactions becomes local when the profit/loss from trading is small compared
to the turnover. This approximation may describe a highly liquid and efficient
stock market. The lognormal probability distribution for the price of a stock
with a variance that is proportional to the elapsed time is reproduced for an
equilibrium market. The asymptotic volatility of a stock in this case is
related to the long-term probability that it is traded.Comment: Improved 32 page version that is to appear in Physica A. One appendix
scrapped, typos corrected, section on conditions for efficient markets
extended. References adde
Quantum computational finance: martingale asset pricing for incomplete markets
A derivative is a financial security whose value is a function of underlying
traded assets and market outcomes. Pricing a financial derivative involves
setting up a market model, finding a martingale (``fair game") probability
measure for the model from the given asset prices, and using that probability
measure to price the derivative. When the number of underlying assets and/or
the number of market outcomes in the model is large, pricing can be
computationally demanding. We show that a variety of quantum techniques can be
applied to the pricing problem in finance, with a particular focus on
incomplete markets. We discuss three different methods that are distinct from
previous works: they do not use the quantum algorithms for Monte Carlo
estimation and they extract the martingale measure from market variables akin
to bootstrapping, a common practice among financial institutions. The first two
methods are based on a formulation of the pricing problem into a linear program
and are using respectively the quantum zero-sum game algorithm and the quantum
simplex algorithm as subroutines. For the last algorithm, we formalize a new
market assumption milder than market completeness for which quantum linear
systems solvers can be applied with the associated potential for large
speedups. As a prototype use case, we conduct numerical experiments in the
framework of the Black-Scholes-Merton model.Comment: 31 pages, 6 figure
Quantum Probability Theoretic Asset Return Modeling: A Novel Schr\"odinger-Like Trading Equation and Multimodal Distribution
Quantum theory provides a comprehensive framework for quantifying
uncertainty, often applied in quantum finance to explore the stochastic nature
of asset returns. This perspective likens returns to microscopic particle
motion, governed by quantum probabilities akin to physical laws. However, such
approaches presuppose specific microscopic quantum effects in return changes, a
premise criticized for lack of guarantee. This paper diverges by asserting that
quantum probability is a mathematical extension of classical probability to
complex numbers. It isn't exclusively tied to microscopic quantum phenomena,
bypassing the need for quantum effects in returns.By directly linking quantum
probability's mathematical structure to traders' decisions and market
behaviors, it avoids assuming quantum effects for returns and invoking the wave
function. The complex phase of quantum probability, capturing transitions
between long and short decisions while considering information interaction
among traders, offers an inherent advantage over classical probability in
characterizing the multimodal distribution of asset returns.Utilizing Fourier
decomposition, we derive a Schr\"odinger-like trading equation, where each term
explicitly corresponds to implications of market trading. The equation
indicates discrete energy levels in financial trading, with returns following a
normal distribution at the lowest level. As the market transitions to higher
trading levels, a phase shift occurs in the return distribution, leading to
multimodality and fat tails. Empirical research on the Chinese stock market
supports the existence of energy levels and multimodal distributions derived
from this quantum probability asset returns model
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