سن بلوغ در دختران و پسران تهرانی

زمينه و هدف: يکی از عواملی که زمان آغاز بلوغ را در کودکان طبيعی مشخص می‌کند، نژاد و منطقه جغرافيايی است. مطالعات انجام شده در زمينه سن آغاز بلوغ در ايران محدود است، از اين رو محققين بر آن شدند تا با مطالعه تعدادی از کودکان مدارس شهر تهران گامی در جهت شناخت اين مسأله بردارند. روش بررسی: مطالعه انجام شده از نوع مقطعی بوده که در فاصله سال‌های 1380 تا 1382 بر روی 2212 کودک، 1420 دختر سالم 6 تا 17 ساله و 792 پسر سالم 6 تا 15 ساله مدرسه‌رو در شهر تهران انجام يافته است. نحوه نمونه‌گيری به روش چند مرحله‌ای احتمالی بوده است. بيماران توسط پزشک تحت معاينه سلامت و گرفتن تاريخچه قرار گرفتند. بروز علايم ثانويه بلوغ جنسی در اندام‌های تناسلی با مشاهده و در پستان با لمس تعيين و طبق درجه‌بندی تانر توصيف شد. در آناليز نتايج از روش GAM برای تعيين احتمال بروز مراحل مختلف وقايع بلوغ در سنين مختلف استفاده گرديد. يافته‌ها: ميانه سنی(صدک 90 ـ صدک 10) نمونه‌های پسر در مراحل P2 و S2 به ترتيب برابر 34/10(10/13-84/6) سال و 01/9(صدک 90=84/11) سال بود. در 1136 دختر 6 تا 17 ساله، ميانه سنی مراحل B2 و P2 به ترتيب برابر 74/9(94/11-23/8) سال و 49/10(17/12-86/8) سال بود. در 399 دختر منارک آغاز شده بود. ميانه سن آغاز منارک در نمونه‌ها برابر 68/12(96/15-27/11) سال بود. نتيجه‌گيری: زمان آغاز بلوغ در دختران ايرانی برابر ديگر دختران نژاد سفيد ولی در پسران زودتر از گزارش‌های ديگر کشورهاست.

Metonimia dan Metafora dalam Norma dan Eksploitasi Tipe Semantis Adjektiva Value Frasa Nomina Eye pada Coca

- Penelitian ini berjudul Metonimia dan Metafora dalam Norma dan Eksploitasi Tipe Semantis Adjektiva Value Frasa Nomina Eye Pada COCA ‘Penelitian ini mengkaji kolokasi terdekat dengan kata eye untuk mendapatkan makna prototipe dalam norma dan makna eksploitasi norma. Analisis kajian bertumpu pada The Theory of Norms and Exploitations, TNE karya Hanks (2013), sebuah teori bahasa yang berfokus pada kajian leksikal, berbasis kelola korpus dan teori bawah atas. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah metode pendekatan gabungan antara kualitatif sebagai pendekatan yang utama dan kuantitatif berdasarkan frekuensi kata dalam korpus. Lima puluh frasa nomina tertinggi dan lima puluh frasa nomin terendah dari 500 frekuensi di seleksi dan dipilah berdasarkan kategori tipe semantis ajektiva dengan fokus pada tipe semantis value. Jenis makna dalam norma dan eksploitasi bervariasi dengan inti perluasan makna literal terhadap metonimia dan metafora. Metonimia konseptual dan metafora konseptual di tingkat dasar yang diterapkan untuk frasa nomina eye adalah organ perseptual bersanding sebagai persepsi dan metafora konseptual melihat adalah menyentuh. Pada tingkat abstrak metafora konseptual menjadi berpikir, mengetahui atau mengerti adalah melihat. Kata Kunci – Norma dan Eksploitasi, Jenis dari Nilai Semantik, metonymy, metaphor, Frase kata benda “ eye” Abstract - This reseach entitled ‘Metonymy and Metaphor in Norm and Exploitation Semantic Types Adjective Value of Noun Phrase Eye in COCA'. This research analyse adjacent collocation the noun eye in oder to identify the prototype meaning of norms and extention meaning of the exploitations. The research is based on The Theory of Norms and Exploitations, TNE by Hanks (2013), a lexical and bottom-up theory, based on corpus data. The methodology used is a mixed-method of qualitative and quantitative of frequency of word in corpus. 50 highest frequency of noun phrase eye and 50 lowest frequency noun phrase from 500 frequncy are selected and sorted out within the semantic type of the adjectives and focus on the semantic types of value. Type of meaning in norms and exploitations are varied with the core literal meaning extension towards metonymy and metaphor. The basic conceptual Metonymy and the conceptual of metaphor for eye is perceptual organ stands for perception and for metaphor seeing is touching.In the abstract level of conceptual metaphor is describes as thimking, knowing aand understanding is seeing. Keywords - Norms and Exploitations, Semantic Type of Value, Metonymy, Metaphor, Eye noun phrase

Study of menstrual disorder in adolescent girls at tertiary care centre in rural area

Background: Total adolescent world population is 16%.  Adolescents (10-19 years) constitute 21.3% i.e. nearly 1/5th of total population of India. 19% of the total population-faces a series of serious challenges not only affecting their growth and development but also their livelihood as adults. The objective of the current study was to observe the menstrual disorders among adolescent females and to observe the demographic profile and assess hygiene practices during menstruation and grade of anemia due to menstrual morbidity.  Methods: A random selection of adolescent’s females were done from gynaecology outpatient department at a tertiary care hospital in rural area. Study done on 180 adolescent girls from January 01, 2016 to June 31st, 2017, it is a descriptive type of observational study. Counseling done of adolescent females on menstrual hygiene and nutrition. Results: Most common menstrual morbidity seen in this study is dysmenorrhea (41.66%) followed by heavy menstrual bleeding i.e 25% and irregular menstrual bleeding (13.33%) subsequently. All these problems are associated with their practices used during menstruation. Poor menstrual hygiene was seen associated with 30 to 35% of abdominal cramps and mood swings, heavy menstrual bleeding and nutritional deficiency leads to moderate anemia (7 to10 gm%) in 83%.Conclusions: Due to unhygienic practices and lack of education and awareness about hygiene many of the girls were suffering from reproductive tract infections and poor nutrition leads to anemia. So, we all need to educate them about hygiene and spread awareness about the various services provided by the government like supplying of sanitary napkins to overcome infections

Effects of Administering Progesterone or Progesterone and GnRH on Age at Pubery in Crossbred Beef Heifers

A study using 143 replacement beef heifers was conducted over a 3-year period to determine the effects that progesterone or progesterone and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) would have on age at puberty in beef heifers. Progesterone treated heifers were 21.8 and 38.9 days younger (P\u3c.05) at puberty than control heifers in the first 2 years of the study, while progesterone plus GnRH treated heifers were 35.4 days (P\u3c.01) and 31.2 days (P\u3c.05) younger than controls. No difference (P\u3e.05) in age at puberty was detected between groups in the third year. While progesterone and progesterone plus GnRH treated heifers had a higher conception rate (P\u3c.01) to Al than controls in the first year of the study, calving records showed they experienced a higher rate of embryonic loss. However, calving rate still remained higher than in the control group. These differences were not observed in the second year and calving data for the final year of the study is currently not available

Genetic correlation of ram sexual performance with ewe reproductive traits of four sheep breeds

Rams express differences in sexual performance during the breeding season. Breeding rams with high sexual performance scores as measured during a sexual performance test can improve flock fertility. Whether selecting rams for high sexual performance score will indirectly improve ewe reproductive performance is not known. The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic correlation between sexual performance scores of rams and reproduction of ewes. Sexual performance scores of rams and reproductive performance (number of lambs born per ewe exposed and number of lambs weaned per ewe exposed) from four breeds were analyzed with univariate and bivariate animal models using REML. A total of 4685 records for sexual performance scores of rams were obtained from the US Sheep Experiment Station (Columbia, n = 807; Polypay, n = 1668; Rambouillet, n = 1208; and Targhee, n = 1002). Reproductive performance of ewes was based on 35,154 records (Columbia, n = 7693; Polypay, n = 9229; Rambouillet, n = 10,954; and Targhee, n = 7278). Estimates of heritability for sexual performance score of rams were larger for the Columbia (0.31±0.09) and Polypay (0.30±0.08) than that for Rambouillet (0.14±0.07) and Targhee breeds (0.17±0.08). Overall breed heritability estimate was 0.22 ± 0.04. Heritability estimates for number of lambs born were larger (0.05–0.11) than for number of lambs weaned (0.02–0.05). Estimates of genetic correlation between sexual performance score and number of lambs born were near zero (−0.09 to 0.02) except for the Columbia breed (0.24±0.20). Estimates of genetic correlation between sexual performance score of the ram and number of lambs weaned varied by breed (Columbia, 0.28±0.26; Polypay, 0.00±0.25; Rambouillet, −0.17 ± 0.25; and Targhee, 0.32 ± 0.28). Overall breed genetic correlations of sexual performance of rams with number of lambs born and weaned were 0.00 ± 0.10 and 0.00 ± 0.12, respectively. Because of the low heritability of ewe reproductive traits and their apparently nil to low genetic correlation with sexual performance scores of rams, selection and use of rams with high sexual performance scores would not be expected to result in much indirect response for improved reproduction of ewes

Comparative effect of saline solutions as diluents on in vitro semen storage, egg fertility and hatchability in Turkey hens

The high viscosity and concentration of turkey semen necessitates its dilution prior to artificial insemination. The comparative effects of Modified Ringer’s Solution (MRS), Normal Saline (NS) and Dextrose Saline (DS) as diluents on semen quality and fertility in turkeys were investigated. Semen pooled from 20 toms was divided into four: Undiluted Semen (US), others were diluted at 1:1 with MRS, NS or DS and stored at ambient temperature (27.75±0.25 ). Progressive Spermatozoa Motility (PSM) was measured hourly till it was below 50%. Sixty turkey hens were inseminated with the treatments for two successive days, and fertility assessed over ten weeks. At first hour of storage, PSM was greater than 90% in all treatments while it was significantly (P˂0.05) higher in MRS (58.3±2.9%) and DS (56.7±1.7) than US (43.2±2.9%) and NS (41.7±1.7%) at the fourth hour. Fertility at the first six weeks post insemination was similar among the treatments. Values at the first 3 weeks were 81% to 97%. At week 8, it was significantly (P˂0.05) higher in NS (20.83%) than others (0%). Modified Ringer’s solution, normal saline and dextrose saline are suitable as semen diluents for insemination in turkeys. However, modified Ringer’s solution and dextrose saline stored semen better in vitro. Keywords: Dextrose saline; Normal saline; Ringer’s solution; Saline solutions; Turkey fertility; Turkey seme