Six simple guidelines for introducing new genera of fungi

We formulate five guidelines for introducing new genera, plus one recommendation how to publish the results of scientific research. We recommend that reviewers and editors adhere to these guidelines. We propose that the underlying research is solid, and that the results and the final solutions are properly discussed. The six criteria are: (1) all genera that are recognized should be monophyletic; (2) the coverage of the phylogenetic tree should be wide in number of species, geographic coverage, and type species of the genera under study; (3) the branching of the phylogenetic trees has to have sufficient statistical support; (4) different options for the translation of the phylogenetic tree into a formal classification should be discussed and the final decision justified; (5) the phylogenetic evidence should be based on more than one gene; and (6) all supporting evidence and background information should be included in the publication in which the new taxa are proposed, and this publication should be peer-reviewed

Characterization of soil suppressiveness to root knot nematodes in organic horticulture in plastic greenhouse

The fluctuation of Meloidogyne population density and the percentage of fungal egg parasitism were determined from July 2011 to July 2013 in two commercial organic vegetable production sites (M10.23 and M10.55) in plastic greenhouses, located in northeastern Spain, in order to know the level of soil suppressiveness. Fungal parasites were identified by molecular methods. In parallel, pot tests characterized the level of soil suppressiveness and the fungal species growing from the eggs. In addition, the egg parasitic ability of 10 fungal isolates per site was also assessed. The genetic profiles of fungal and bacterial populations from M10.23 and M10.55 soils were obtained by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), and compared with a non-suppressive soil (M10.33). In M10.23, Meloidogyne population in soil decreased progressively throughout the rotation zucchini, tomato, and radish or spinach. The percentage of egg parasitism was 54.7% in zucchini crop, the only one in which eggs were detected. Pochonia chlamydosporia was the only fungal species isolated. In M10.55, nematode densities peaked at the end of the spring-summer crops (tomato, zucchini, and cucumber), but disease severity was lower than expected (0.2-6.3). The percentage of fungal egg parasitism ranged from 3 to 84.5% in these crops. The results in pot tests confirmed the suppressiveness of the M10.23 and M10.55 soils against Meloidogyne. The number of eggs per plant and the reproduction factor of the population were reduced (P < 0.05) in both non-sterilized soils compared to the sterilized ones after one nematode generation. P. chlamydosporia was the only fungus isolated from Meloidogyne eggs. In in vitro tests, P. chlamydosporia isolates were able to parasitize Meloidogyne eggs from 50 to 97% irrespective of the site. DGGE fingerprints revealed a high diversity in the microbial populations analyzed. Furthermore, both bacterial and fungal genetic patterns differentiated suppressive from non-suppressive soils, but the former showed a higher degree of similarity between both suppressive soils than the later

Biodiversity of Agaricomycetes basidiomes associated to Salix and Populus (Salicaceae) plantations

Although plantations have an artificial origin, they modify environmental conditions that can alter native fungi diversity. The effects of forest management practices on a plantation of willow (Salix) and poplar (Populus) over Agaricomycetes basidiomes biodiversity were studied for one year in an island located in Paraná Delta, Argentina. Dry weight and number of basidiomes were measured. We found 28 species belonging to Agaricomycetes: 26 species of Agaricales, one species of Polyporales and one species of Russulales. Our findings suggest that forest management practices on plantations of willow and poplar do not affect either the abundance or diversity of Agaricomycetes basidiomes.Fil: Romano, Gonzalo Matías. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; ArgentinaFil: Calcagno, Javier Angel. Universidad Maimonides. Area de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomedicos, biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnostico. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropologicas; ArgentinaFil: Lechner, Bernardo Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; Argentin

Psathyrella globosivelata Gröger, un fong rar i interessant citat per primera vegada a Catalunya

Es descriu, es comenta i s'il·lustra Psathyrella globosivelata Gröger, una espècie rara i sorprenent del gènere Psathyrella. D'acord amb la informació de que disposem, creiem que aquesta és la primera citació d'aquesta espècie a Catalunya i a la Península Ibèrica,Se describe, se comenta y se ilustra Psathyrella globosivelata Gröger, una especie rara e interesante del género Psathyrella. De acuerdo con la información que disponemos, creemos que ésta es la primera vez que se cita en Cataluña y en la Península Ibérica.A rare and interesting species of the genus Psathyrella: P. globosivelata Gröger, is described, discussed and illustrated. To our knowledge, this is its first record for Catalonia and the Iberian Peninsula

Structural and functional variation in soil fungal communities associated with litter bags containing maize leaf

Soil fungi are key players in the degradation of recalcitrant organic matter in terrestrial ecosystems. To examine the organisms and genes responsible for complex organic matter degradation in soil, we tracked changes in fungal community composition and expressed genes in soil adjacent to mesh bags containing maize leaves undergoing decomposition. Using high-throughput sequencing approaches, changes in fungal community composition were determined by targeting 18S rRNA gene sequences, whereas community gene expression was examined via a metatranscriptomic approach. The majority of the 93 000 partial 18S rRNA gene sequences generated, were affiliated with the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Fungal diversity was at least 224 operational taxonomic units at the 97% similarity cutoff level. During litter degradation, the relative proportion of Basidiomycota increased, with a decrease in Ascomycota : Basidiomycota ratios over time. The most commonly detected decomposition-associated fungi included Agaricomycetes and Tremellales as well as unclassified Mucoromycotina. The majority of protein families found in the metatranscriptomic data were affiliated to fungal groups described to degrade plant-derived cellulose, such as Mucoraceae, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariaceae, Sebacinaceae, Tremellaceae, Psathyrellaceae and Schizophyllaceae. The combination of high-throughput rRNA gene-based and metatranscriptomic approaches provided perspectives into the organisms and genes involved in complex organic matter in soi

Type studies on Coprinus dunarum Stoll

The study of the type specimens from Coprinus dunarum revealed that according to ITS sequences these specimens belong to the species Coprinopsis atramentaria. Thus, C. dunarum should be treated as a synonym of the latter

Psathyrella globosivelata Gröger, un fong rar i interessant citat per primera vegada a Catalunya

Es descriu , es comenta i s'il·lustra Psathyr ella globosivelata Groger, una especie rara i sorprenent del genere Psathyr ella. D'acord amb la informació de que disposem, creiem que aquesta és la primera citació d'aquesta espec ie a Catalunya i a la Península Ibérica,Arare and intere sting species of the genus Psathyr ella: P. globosivelata Groger, is described , discussed and illustrated. To our knowl edge, this is its first record for Catalonia and the Iberian Peninsula.Se describe, se comenta y se ilustra Psathyr ella globosivelata Groger, una especie rara e interesante del género Psathyr ella. De acuerdo con la información que disponemos, creemo s que ésta es la primera vez que se cita en Cataluña y en la Península Ibérica

Coprinopsis/Hormographiella

71.1 Introduction 71.1.1 Classification and Morphology 71.1.2 Clinical Features and Pathogenesis 71.1.3 Diagnosis 71.2 Methods 71.2.1 Sample Preparation 71.2.2 Detection Procedures 71.2.2.1 Sequencing Analysis of the ITS 2 Region 71.2.2.2 PCR-RFLP Analysis of SSU and ITS 2 Regions 71.3 Conclusion Reference

The Diversity of Macroscopic Fungi in the Education Forest of University of Sumatera Utara, Tongkoh Village, Karo District, North Sumatra Province

The research of the diversity of macroscopic fungi in Education Forest of University of North Sumatra has never been reported. The research has been conducted at altitude: &lt; 1000 m above sea level; 1000 – 1500 m above sea level; and ≥ 1500 m above sea level, on five different trail on each altitude category. The length of observation trail is 100 m. The first trail on each altitude category is determined with purpossive sampling method, then the next trail was determined with systematic sampling method. The observation and the collection of species has done exploratively in the plot sampling, size 20 m x 20 m. The results showed that was found 45 species of macroscopic fungi which consist of 2 divisions, 4 classes, 10 orders, and 19 families, where numbers of species of macroscopic fungi was found on each of altitude category consecutively 30 species; 42 species; and 32 species. The macroscopic fungi was found commonly living on the decayed wood and litter, and then a part of living on the living wood