PENGARUH SALES PROMOTION TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN DENGAN CITRA MEREK SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING (Studi Kasus Pelanggan ShopeeFood di Kota Malang)

This study aims to determine the effect of sales promotion on purchasing decisions with brand image as an intervening variable. The location of the research was Malang City. The population used in this study were consumers who had used the ShopeeFood food delivery service at least once, with a sample of 120 respondents. The characteristics of the respondents are consumers who are in Malang City, consumers who have made transactions using sales promotions from ShopeeFood, consumers who have used the ShopeeFood food delivery service at least once, aged 18-35 years. This study uses a non-probability sampling technique with purposive sampling. Data collection techniques using online questionnaire. The analysis tool uses Smart-PLS. The results of this study found that sales promotion had a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions, brand image had a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions, sales promotion had a positive and significant effect on brand image and brand image mediated sales promotion on purchasing decisions

Promotions, Demotions, Halo Effects and the Earnings Dynamics of American executives

This paper explores the dynamics of wage growth in corporate hierarchies. Using panel data techniques, we estimate the causal effect of current and past transitions in reporting level and past earnings growth on components of current earnings and earnings growth using a large panel of US executives. After conditioning on unobserved heterogeneity, current compensation growth is positively correlated with past promotion outcomes but negatively correlated with past compensation growth. In a flexible model of wage growth, there is an important asymmetry between the effect of a promotion and a demotion. The effect of promotion is smaller in magnitude than the effect of a demotion. The causal effect of a promotion is positive on both growth in base pay and total cash compensation but is negative on bonus growth. The effect of a demotion is negative on growth in all pay components.wage growth ; corporate hierarchies

Sales Promotion and Consumer Loyalty: A Study of Nigerian Tecommunication Industry

In today’s competitive business world customers are considered to be kings. Customers have several choices to make among alternative products, and they exercise a high level of influence in the market with respect to product size, quality and price. Hence, it is important for producers to meet the needs of customers in order to stay competitive. One of the marketing communication tools that is used in attracting the attention of the customer and build their loyalty is sales promotion. The aim of this paper therefore is to determine the effect of sales promotion on customer loyalty in the telecommunication industry. In this study, the survey method was used in gathering information from the respondents. Simple random sampling was used to select a sample size of 310, while descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted with the aid of SPSS software. Producers spend a large part of their total marketing communication expenses on sales promotion. Hence, this paper attempts to find the effect of sales promotion on customer loyalty using a sample of customers of mobile telecommunication services. The paper found that, there is positive relationship between sales promotion and customer loyalty. More importantly, it was discovered that non-loyal customers are more prone to switch to competing products as a result of sales promotion than loyal customer

Apc mutation induces resistance of colonic cells to lipoperoxide-triggered apoptosis induced by faecal water from haem-fed rats

Recent epidemiological studies suggest that high meat intake is associated with promotion of colon cancer linked to haem-iron intake. We previously reported that dietary haem, in the form of either haemoglobin or meat, promotes precancerous lesions in the colon of rats given a low-calcium diet. The mechanism of promotion by haem is not known, but is associated with increased lipid peroxidation in faecal water and strong cytotoxic activity of faecal water on a cancerous mouse colonic epithelial cell line. To better understand the involvement of faecal water components of haem-fed rats in colon cancer promotion, we explored the effect of faecal water on normal (Apc +/+) or premalignant cells (Apc Min/+). Further, we tested if this effect was correlated to lipoperoxidation and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). We show here for the first time that heterozygote Apc mutation represents a strong selective advantage, via resistance to apoptosis induction (caspase 3 pathway), for colonic cells exposed to a haem-iron induced lipoperoxidation. The fact that HNE treatment of the cells provoked the same effects as the faecal water of rats fed the haem-rich diet suggests that this compound triggers apoptosis in those cells. We propose that this mechanism could be involved in the promotion of colon carcinogenesis by haem in vivo

Exclusive dealing, entry, and mergers

This paper studies a model where exclusive dealing (ED) can both promote investment and foreclose a more efficient supplier. While investment promotion is usually regarded as a pro-competitive effect of ED, our paper shows that it may be the very reason why a contract that forecloses a more efficient supplier is signed. Absent the effect on investment, the contract would not be signed and foreclosure would not be a concern. For this reason, considering potential foreclosure and investment promotion in isolation and then summing them up may not be a suitable approach to assess the net effect of ED. The paper therefore invites a more cautious attitude towards accepting possible investment promotion arguments as a defence for ED.

The effect of refereed articles on salary, promotion and labor mobility: The case of Japanese economists

By using a data set of academic economists from Japanese universities, we estimated the effect of refereed articles on salary, promotion and labor mobility. Results show no effect of refereed articles on salary and on promotion. However, there is a statistically significant effect of refereed articles on labor mobility, though the magnitude of the effect is rather small. Publishing one additional refereed article increases the probability that an academic has worked in exactly two universities by 0.4%. In addition, publishing one additional refereed article in the US or Europe increases the probability that an academic has worked in exactly two universities by 1%. Refereed articles published in Japan have no statistically significant impact on the probability of working in more universities. We conclude that publishing refereed articles does not reward Japanese economists by a direct increase in salary and accelerated promotion. Our results are thus consistent with the beliefs within Japanese academia that publications do not affect salary or promotion.Academic salaries, academic promotion, academic productivity, academic labor mobility, academic economists

The Promotion Dynamics of American Executives

We formulate an empirical model of promotion with dynamic selfselection where the current promotion probability depends on the hierarchical level in the firm, individual human capital, unobserved (to the econometrician) individual specific attributes, time varying firm specific variables (firm size and profits) as well as endogenous past promotion histories. We examine the causal effect of previous promotion histories (as measured by realized speed of promotion) on future promotion outcomes. The model is fit on an 8 year panel of promotion histories of 30,000 American executives employed in more than 380 different firms. The stochastic process generating promotions is weakly correlated with standard human capital endowment variables (age, schooling and tenure). It may be viewed as a series of promotion probabilities which become smaller as an individual moves up in the hierarchy and is primarily explained by individual (or firm) specific factors other than measured human capital. We also find that, conditional on unobservables, the promotion probability is only mildly enhanced, on average, by the speed of promotion achieved in the past (a structural fast track effect). However, we find the existence of a relatively high cross-sectional dispersion in the effect of past promotion histories and we are able to provide an explanation for this relatively high dispersion. In general, the magnitude of the individual specific effect of achieved speed of promotion is inversely related to accumulated human capital (schooling and tenure). We believe that these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the signaling aspect of past promotions is stronger for those who are less educated and stronger for those who are relatively new in a firm. We also find that a negative correlation between current promotion and past speed of promotion cannot be ruled out for a portion of the population, and we are able to relate this finding to the "Peter Principle". Dans ce papier, nous estimons un modèle dynamique de promotion où la notion d'effet causal (causal fast track) est différenciée de la notion non-causale (spurious fast track). La probabilité de promotion est fonction du niveau hiérarchique dans la firme, des attributs observables et non observables des individus, des attributs observables (et dynamiques) de la firme (tels que les profits et la taille), ainsi que de l'historique (endogène) des promotions passées mesuré par la rapidité moyenne de promotion. Le modèle est appliqué à un échantillon de 30 000 cadres du secteur privé américain, travaillant pour plus de 380 grandes firmes. Les résultats indiquent que le processus aléatoire générant les promotions dépend faiblement du niveau de capital humain, et très peu de la vitesse passée, mais beaucoup plus des facteurs non observables tels que la motivation. Les résultats montrent également qu'il y a une large dispersion dans l'effet de la vitesse de promotion sur les promotions futures. Bien que l'effet soit positif en moyenne, il est négatif pour une sous-population. De façon générale, l'effet de la vitesse passée décroît avec le niveau de capital humain et l'ancienneté dans la firme. L'effet négatif de la vitesse de promotion est compatible avec le "principe de Peter", souvent mentionné dans la littérature sur la dynamique des promotions.personnel economics, promotions, dynamic discrete choices, random effects, promotions, tournois, choix discrets dynamiques, économie des ressources humaines, effets aléatoires

Dehydroalanine and Lysinoalanine in Thermolyzed Casein do not Promote Colon Cancer in the Rat

Thermolysis of proteins produces xenobiotic amino-acids such as the potentially toxic lysinoalanine, and the alkylating agent, dehydro¬alanine, which have been considered possible health hazards. We observed that thermolysed casein promoted aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and colon cancer growth in rats initiated with azoxymethane and speculated that promotion might be due to the formation of these compounds. To test this notion we first measured the concentration of the modified amino acids as a function of thermolysis time. The concentration of dehydroalanine in the casein paralleled the degree of promotion, that of lysinoalanine did not. We then tested diets containing foods with high levels of dehydroalanine (thermolysed sodium-caseinate, cooked Swiss cheese) for their effect on ACF promotion. They decreased the number and/or size of ACF significantly, indicating that dehydroalanine did not promote, but protected rats against colon carcinogenesis. These results do not support the notion that lysinoalanine or dehydroalanine are a hazard with respect to colon carcinogenicity

Effect of Brand Equity and Promotion to Purchasing Decisions of Honda Motorcycle

Automotive business development in Indonesia is now characterized by wide variety competition which impact on consumer behavior changes in determining purchasing decisions ranging from product quality, product design structure, and promotions that offered towards consumer, even with big brand names attached to the product. In the conditions of strict competition on motorcycle dealer's market, Tunggul Sakti Sejahtera Semarang dealer's are trying to do their business policies to achieve the desired market share. Based on Honda motorcycle sales data on Tunggul Sakti Sejahtera Semarang dealer, there are sales not in accordance with the specified target. This study aims to determine how far the influence of brand equity and promotion of their Honda motorcycle purchasing decisions on the Tunggul Sakti Sejahtera Semarang dealer. This type of research is explanatory research using primary data through questionnaires and secondary data from website in the form of a percentage of sales of Honda motorcycles with other motorcycle brands. The population of research is consumers who make purchases Honda motorcycle at Tunggul Sakti Sejahtera Semarang dealer in 2008-2012 with a sample of 98 respondents from a population of 5356 people using purposive sampling technique. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The measurement using the Likert scale. Data analysis method used is descriptive qualitative that use validity and reliability test, Cross Tabulation Analysis (Crosstab), Coefficient of Correlation, Simple Linear Regression, Multiple Linear Regression, Coefficient of Determination, t-test and F-test with the SPSS software program. From the analysis found that the categories of the brand equity of 68.4 per cent expressed good. In categories of promotion, 56.1 percent known good states. variable Brand equity affect purchase decisions on the of 34.8 percent. Variable Promotion influence the purchasing decisions of 29.7 percent. Brand equity and promotion variables influence the purchasing decisions of 4.23 percent. So it can be concluded the better brand equity and promotion is expected to increase consumer purchasing decisions. The suggestions can be given in this study is, Tunggul Sakti Sejahtera Semarang need to increase promotional activities with sponsorship of musical events, sports events, and advertise through the local television media companies

Stabilization of Cr(III) wastes by C3S and C3S hydrated matrix : comparison of two incorporation methods

In the present study, the influence of Cr(III) on the properties of C3S and its stabilization in C3S hydrates was investigated by either direct incorporation as Cr2O3 during C3S preparation or introduced as nitrate salt during hydration. Levels of Cr used were from 0.1 to 3.0 wt% of C3S. The effect of Cr on the polymorph and hydration of C3S and its immobilization in the hydrates was detected by means of DTA/TG, XRD, isothermal calorimeter and ICP-AES, etc. When doped during sintering process, Cr caused a C3S polymorph transformation from T1 to T2 and led a decomposition of C3S into C2S and CaO resulting in high f-CaO content. Cr doping showed an obvious promotion effect on the hydration properties. The promotion effect decreased when the Cr addition increased to 3.0 wt%. When Cr was added as nitrate salt, Cr showed a retardation effect on the hydration of C3S due to the formation of Ca2Cr(OH)7 center dot 3H(2)O, which resulted in a high degree of Cr stabilization