Water productivity indices of the soybean grown on silty clay soil under sprinkler irrigation

The objective of this research was to compare the effects of different irrigation treatments on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] productivity and water use efficiency on experimental fields of the Maize Research Institute of Zemun Polje(Serbia), in 2007 and 2008. Four irrigation levels were investigated: full irrigation (I100), 65% and 40% of I100 (I65 and I40) and a rain-fed (I0) system. The crop water use efficiency (CWUE, also known as crop water productivity –CWP), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETWUE) were used to assess the water productivity of each studied treatment. The efficiency of the same treatment differed between the years as it depended on seasonal water availability, weather conditions and their impact on seed yields. Maximum and minimum yields were obtained in the I65 and I0 treatments, averaging 3.41 t ha–1 and 2.26 t ha–1, respectively. Water use efficiency values were influenced by the irrigation levels. In general, CWUE values increased with the increased level of irrigation. In both growing seasons, IWUE and ETWUE decreased with increasing the seasonal water consumption and irrigation depth. On average, treatments I40 and I65 resulted in similar or higher CWUE and ETWUE than I100, in both growing seasons. I65 resulted in the highest IWUE, averaged over the two seasons, while I100 had the lowest IWUE. I65 could be proper for the soybean irrigated in Vojvodina when there is no water shortage and I45 could be used as a good basis for reduced sprinkler irrigation strategy development under water shortage

Analiza okvira sa polukrutim vezama pri dejstvu zemljotresa

U ovom radu prikazano je ponašanje čeličnih okvira sa fleksibilnim vezama pri dejstvu zemljotresa. Pored nelinearnog ponašanja čvornih veza i geometrijske nelinearnosti strukture, razmatra se i pojava tečenja materijala. Polukrute čvorne veze predstavljene su pomoću nelinearnih rotacionih opruga na krajevima grednih elemenata, i vezane su paralelno sa viskoznim prigušivačima. Za simulaciju plastičnog tečenja materijala primenjena je Metoda plastičnih zglobova. Plastični zglobovi, koji se mogu formirati na krajevima grednih elemenata i u bazi stubova predstavljeni su takođe pomoću rotacionih opruga promenljive krutosti, koje su sa oprugama polukrutih čvornih veza vezane redno. Pored konvencionalne analize dinamičkog odgovora, primenjena je i analiza energetskog odgovora sistema i uspostavljena korelacija između odgovarajućih parametara i rezultata ove dve analize. Numerička analiza sprovedena je na primeru sedmospratnog okvira izloženog dejstvu različitih intenziteta zemljotresa El-Centro