19,071 research outputs found
An equality between entanglement and uncertainty
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle implies that if one party (Alice) prepares
a system and randomly measures one of two incompatible observables, then
another party (Bob) cannot perfectly predict the measurement outcomes. This
implication assumes that Bob does not possess an additional system that is
entangled to the measured one; indeed the seminal paper of Einstein, Podolsky
and Rosen (EPR) showed that maximal entanglement allows Bob to perfectly win
this guessing game. Although not in contradiction, the observations made by EPR
and Heisenberg illustrate two extreme cases of the interplay between
entanglement and uncertainty. On the one hand, no entanglement means that Bob's
predictions must display some uncertainty. Yet on the other hand, maximal
entanglement means that there is no more uncertainty at all. Here we follow an
operational approach and give an exact relation - an equality - between the
amount of uncertainty as measured by the guessing probability, and the amount
of entanglement as measured by the recoverable entanglement fidelity. From this
equality we deduce a simple criterion for witnessing bipartite entanglement and
a novel entanglement monogamy equality.Comment: v2: published as "Entanglement-assisted guessing of complementary
measurement outcomes", 11 pages, 1 figur
The Bounded Storage Model in The Presence of a Quantum Adversary
An extractor is a function E that is used to extract randomness. Given an
imperfect random source X and a uniform seed Y, the output E(X,Y) is close to
uniform. We study properties of such functions in the presence of prior quantum
information about X, with a particular focus on cryptographic applications. We
prove that certain extractors are suitable for key expansion in the bounded
storage model where the adversary has a limited amount of quantum memory. For
extractors with one-bit output we show that the extracted bit is essentially
equally secure as in the case where the adversary has classical resources. We
prove the security of certain constructions that output multiple bits in the
bounded storage model.Comment: 13 pages Latex, v3: discussion of independent randomizers adde
Entanglement sampling and applications
A natural measure for the amount of quantum information that a physical
system E holds about another system A = A_1,...,A_n is given by the min-entropy
Hmin(A|E). Specifically, the min-entropy measures the amount of entanglement
between E and A, and is the relevant measure when analyzing a wide variety of
problems ranging from randomness extraction in quantum cryptography, decoupling
used in channel coding, to physical processes such as thermalization or the
thermodynamic work cost (or gain) of erasing a quantum system. As such, it is a
central question to determine the behaviour of the min-entropy after some
process M is applied to the system A. Here we introduce a new generic tool
relating the resulting min-entropy to the original one, and apply it to several
settings of interest, including sampling of subsystems and measuring in a
randomly chosen basis. The sampling results lead to new upper bounds on quantum
random access codes, and imply the existence of "local decouplers". The results
on random measurements yield new high-order entropic uncertainty relations with
which we prove the optimality of cryptographic schemes in the bounded quantum
storage model.Comment: v3: fixed some typos, v2: fixed minor issue with the definition of
entropy and improved presentatio
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