POLITENESS STRATEGIES

People usually tend to use some politeness strategies in order to make the communication process between speaker and hearer going smoothly without any sense hurting each others. This paper is only focused on describing about Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies. According to Brown and Levinson, there are four politeness strategies, namely: bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off record and fifteen substrategies of positive politeness and ten substrategies of negative politeness. It is important that during the communication which happens among the participants use a polite language. Being polite to the hearer is generally more important to do than being polite toward the speaker itself, because if the speaker uses the polite language to the hearer in fact he does not only respect the hearer but also he maintains his own dignity

Politeness Strategies Used by Toba Batak Sellers in Samosir

This study deals with politeness strategies used by toba batak sellers in Samosir. The objectives of this study were (1) to describe the types of politeness strategies were used by Toba Batak sellers in Samosir, (2) to investigate the type of politeness strategy was mostly used describe the reasons, (3) to describethe roles of politeness to Toba Batak society, and (4) to describe the implication of politeness strategies. The data of this study were the language of conversation between Toba Batak sellers and their buyers. This study applied descriptive quantitative method. The findings show that there are four types of Politeness Strategies used by Toba Batak Sellers in Samosir, namely: Bald on record4 utterances (2.53%), Off record17 utterances (10.75%), Positivepoliteness 129 utterances (81.64%) and Negativepoliteness 8 utterances (5.06%). Positivepoliteness is the most dominant type of Politeness Strategies used by Toba Batak sellers in Samosir. Keyword :Politeness Strategies, Toba Batak Sellers, Samosir

Politeness Strategies in 2014 Presidential Debates Between Joko Widodo and Prabowo Subianto

This study analyzed the politeness strategies employed by Joko Widodo andPrabowo Subianto in 2014 Presidential Debates. This study used descriptivequalitative method. Kothari (2004:2) states that Descriptive research includessurveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. In this study the writerdescribed the utterances of president candidates debate into written text. Themajor purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as itexists at present. The instrument of collecting data is video recording of DebatCapres Cawapres Jokowi Jk- Prabowo Hatta at Metro TV on July 5, 2014.Particular attention is given to candidate's use of bald on record, positivepoliteness, negative politeness, off record and do not do speech act or do the FTA(face threatening act) as defined by Brown and Levinson theory. The focus of thepaper is on the types of politeness strategies that used in debate, the dominant typeof politeness strategies, and the reason of dominant type USAge in debate. Theresult showed that the most dominant type is Positive politeness (61,53%). Thenthere was also Negative politeness (30,76%), On record (3,84%), Off record(3,84%) and do not do the FTA (0%). The president candidates mostly usedpositive politeness because want to reduce face-threatening act besides how thetwo candidates can be conveyed smoothly without making one party feelsthreatened

Politeness in Ecuadorian Spanish

This paper examines politeness phenomena in Ecuadorian Spanish as reflected in the language of telephone conversations, and, as such, attempts to add another cultural perspective to the discussion of politeness issues and of Brown and Levinson's (1978, 1987) much criticized theory, in particular. It highlights some of the difficulties involved in the application of Brown and Levinson's theory to actual conversational data in Ecuadorian Spanish, such as the frequent occurrence of embeddedness, which brings into question their notions of positive and negative politeness strategies as clear-cut categories, and the lack of one-to-one correspondence between certain forms and their politeness value, which poses problems for generalizations. It also explores the motivations behind participants' use of certain strategies and brings into question Brown and Brown and Levinson's notion of face. In addition, it considers some features of politeness at the macro-speech level (cf. van Dijk, 1977, 1980), which Brown and Levinson do not seem to take into account. Finally, it suggests that it might be fruitful to seek explanations for some aspects of linguistic politeness in fields that deal with social behavior and patterns of social interaction (e.g. social psychology and social anthropology). It nevertheless also suggests that to arrive at a more adequate characterization and understanding of politeness phenomena in Ecuadorian Spanish, it might be useful to examine some aspects of its history and the development of what today constitute its key social institutions

The Linguistic Politeness Having Seen on the Current Study Issue

The current issue is overviewed in this paper about the linguistics politeness. Positive politeness strategies seek to minimize the threat to the hearer\u27s positive face. These strategies are used to make the hearer feel good about themselves, their interests or possessions, and are most usually used in situations where the audience knows each other fairly well. In sociolinguistics and conversation analysis (CA), politeness strategies are speech acts that express concern for others and minimize threats to self-esteem ("face") in particular social contexts. Being polite means being aware of and respecting the feelings of other people. Politeness can and will improve your relationships with others, help to build respect and rapport, boost your self-esteem and confidence, and improve your communication skills. Importance of Politeness in Life. Politeness is a great virtue. But a polite person will always please others with his polite behavior and good manners. Politeness means consideration for the feelings of others. Politeness is one of the central features of human communication. It is a human phenomenon, yet expressed differently in different cultures. Positive politeness refers to an atmosphere of inclusion and mutuality created by linguistic means such as compliments, encouragement, joking, even the use of "white lies.

Yes Sir! An Analysis of the Superior/Subordinate Relationship in the Late Ramesside Letters

In her 1994 article entitled ‘Idiolects in the Late Ramesside Letters’, Deborah Sweeney hypothesises that all choices made in the construction of personal letters are reflective of individual language variance. Such a statement places the motivation and construction of letters onto the individual, and, although Sweeney did, to a certain extent, further develop her views on politeness in her 2001 monograph, the idea that politeness is representative of individual language variance has not directly been addressed. This study will demonstrate that the Late Ramesside Letters reflect embedded linguistic mechanisms in order to ensure successful communication between interlocutors that is not dependent on personal language variance. The superior social position of the General Piankh at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty will be utilised to demonstrate the benefits of politeness theory in identifying linguistic patterns in the letters, patterns that support and maintain social relationships between superiors and their subordinates. Politeness theory is based on the notion of ‘face’, and how an individual’s public persona must be adhered to in communication in order to reduce the level of imposition; this is especially significant in biased relationships. Predominately this study will focus on the relationship between Piankh and the Scribe of the Necropolis Dhutmose due to the amount of surviving documents between the pair, to view the linguistic manifestation of their superior/subordinate relationship

Politeness and bias in dialogue summarization: two exploratory studies

In this chapter, two empirical pilot studies on the role of politeness in dialogue summarization are described. In these studies, a collection of four dialogues was used. Each dialogue was automatically generated by the NECA system and the politeness of the dialogue participants was systematically manipulated. Subjects were divided into groups who had to summarize the dialogues from a particular dialogue participant’s point of view or the point of view of an impartial observer. In the first study, there were no other constraints. In the second study, the summarizers were restricted to summaries whose length did not exceed 10% of the number of words in the dialogue that was being summarized. Amongst other things, it was found that the politeness of the interaction is included more often in summaries of dialogues that deviate from what would be considered normal or unmarked. A comparison of the results of the two studies suggests that the extent to which politeness is reported is not affected by how long a summary is allowed to be. It was also found that the point of view of the summarizer influences which information is included in the summary and how it is presented. This finding did not seem to be affected by the constraint in our second study on the summary length

Analysis of Politeness Strategies in Command Used by Main Characters in Movies Entitled “Facing the Giants”, “Dangerous Minds”, and “the Ron Clark Story”

In communication, the speakers should be polite toward the hearers by considering their social level, age, situation, and condition. The current study focused on the use of politeness strategies, especially in command. The aims of the study are to identify the types of sentence in command, the applied of politeness strategies, and to investigate the factors that influence the main characters in applying politeness strategies in command. The data were politeness utterances in command used by main character in 3 drama movies: “Facing the Giants”, “Dangerous Minds”, and “The Ron Clark Story”. The data were analyzed using politeness strategies purposed by Brown and Levinson (1987). The results of this study shown that there are 2 forms of command: declarative sentence and imperative sentence. The characters applied 2 types of politeness strategy in giving command: bald on record (24 data) and positive politeness (4 data). The factors that influenced the main characters in applying politeness strategies in command were the main characters, as the speakers, have higher status than the hearers, the size of imposition between the speakers and the hearers were small, and the situation were urgent and emergency in which the speakers and the hearers involved