Numerical Modeling and Design of Machine Learning Based Paddy Leaf Disease Detection System for Agricultural Applications

In order to satisfy the insatiable need for ever more bountiful harvests on the global market, the majority of countries deploy cutting-edge technologies to increase agricultural output. Only the most cutting-edge technologies can ensure an appropriate pace of food production. Abiotic stress factors that can affect plants at any stage of development include insects, diseases, drought, nutrient deficiencies, and weeds. On the amount and quality of agricultural production, this has a minimal effect. Identification of plant diseases is therefore essential but challenging and complicated. Paddy leaves must thus be closely watched in order to assess their health and look for disease symptoms. The productivity and production of the post-harvest period are significantly impacted by these illnesses. To gauge the severity of plant disease in the past, only visual examination (bare eye observation) methods have been employed. The skill of the analyst doing this analysis is essential to the caliber of the outcomes. Due to the large growing area and need for ongoing human monitoring, visual crop inspection takes a long time. Therefore, a system is required to replace human inspection. In order to identify the kind and severity of plant disease, image processing techniques are used in agriculture. This dissertation goes into great length regarding the many ailments that may be detected in rice fields using image processing. Identification and classification of the four rice plant diseases bacterial blight, sheath rot, blast, and brown spot are important to enhance yield. The other communicable diseases, such as stem rot, leaf scald, red stripe, and false smut, are not discussed in this paper. Despite the increased accuracy they offer, the categorization and optimization strategies utilized in this work lead it to take longer than typical to finish. It was evident that employing SVM techniques enabled superior performance results, but at a cost of substantial effort. K-means clustering is used in this paper segmentation process, which makes figuring out the cluster size, or K-value, more challenging. This clustering method operates best when used with images that are comparable in size and brightness. However, when the images have complicated sizes and intensity values, clustering is not particularly effective

Crop leaf disease detection and classification using machine learning and deep learning algorithms by visual symptoms: a review

A Quick and precise crop leaf disease detection is important to increasing agricultural yield in a sustainable manner. We present a comprehensive overview of recent research in the field of crop leaf disease prediction using image processing (IP), machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques in this paper. Using these techniques, crop leaf disease prediction made it possible to get notable accuracies. This article presents a survey of research papers that presented the various methodologies, analyzes them in terms of the dataset, number of images, number of classes, algorithms used, convolutional neural networks (CNN) models employed, and overall performance achieved. Then, suggestions are prepared on the most appropriate algorithms to deploy in standard, mobile/embedded systems, Drones, Robots and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). We discussed the performance measures used and listed some of the limitations and future works that requires to be focus on, to extend real time automated crop leaf disease detection system

An exploratory assessment of multistream deep neural network fusion : design and applications

Tese (doutorado) — Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2022.Os métodos de aprendizado de máquina dependem muito de quão bom o extrator de características selecionado pode representar os dados brutos de entrada. Atualmente, temos mais dados e capacidade computacional para lidar com isso. Com as Redes Neurais Convolucionais temos uma rede que é mais fácil de treinar e generaliza muito melhor do que o habitual. Há, no entanto, uma boa quantidade de características que são essenciais, mas são descartadas nesse processo, mesmo quando se utiliza uma CNN poderosa. As Redes Neurais Convolucionais Multistream podem processar mais de uma entrada usando fluxos separados e são projetadas usando qualquer arquitetura CNN clássica como base. O uso de M-CNNs gera mais informação de características e, assim, melhora o resultado geral. Este trabalho explorou arquiteturas M-CNNs e como os sinais de fluxo se comportam durante o processamento, chegando a uma nova estratégia de fusão cruzada de M-CNNs. O novo módulo é validado, inicialmente, com um conjunto de dados padrão, CIFAR-10, e comparado com as redes correspondentes (single-stream CNN e late fusion M-CNN). Os primeiros resultados neste cenário mostraram que nosso modelo adaptado superou todos os modelos mencionados acima em pelo menos 28% em comparação com todos os modelos testados. Expandindo o teste, usamos a base de antigas redes estado-da-arte na classificação de imagens e conjuntos de dados adicionais para investigar se a técnica pode colocar essas estruturas de volta ao jogo. No conjunto de dados NORB, mostramos que podemos aumentar a precisão em até 63, 21% quando comparado às estruturas básicas de M-CNNs. Variando nossas aplicações, o mAP@75 do conjunto de dados de detecção e reconhecimento de objetos BDD100K melhorou em 50, 16% em comparação com sua versão não adaptada, mesmo quando treinado do zero. A fusão proposta demonstrou robustez e estabilidade, mesmo quando distratores foram usados como entradas. Embora nosso objetivo seja reutilizar arquiteturas estado-da-arte anteriores com poucas modificações, também expomos as desvantagens de nossa estratégia explorada.Machine-learning methods depend heavily on how well the selected feature extractor can represent the raw input data. Nowadays, we have more data and computational capacity to deal with it. With Convolutional Neural Networks, we have a network that is easier to train and generalizes much better than usual. However, a good amount of essential features are discarded in this process, even when using a powerful CNN. Multistream Convolutional Neural Networks can process more than one input using separate streams and are designed using any classical CNN architecture as a base. The use of M-CNNs generates more features and thus, improves the overall outcome. This work explored M-CNNs architectures and how the stream signals behave during the processing, coming up with a novel M-CNN cross-fusion strategy. The new module is first validated with a standard dataset, CIFAR-10, and compared with the corresponding networks (single-stream CNN and late fusion M-CNN). Early results on this scenario showed that our adapted model outperformed all the abovementioned models by at least 28% compared to all tested models. Expanding the test, we used the backbones of former state-of-the-art networks on image classification and additional datasets to investigate if the technique can put these designs back in the game. On the NORB dataset, we showed that we could increase accuracy up to 63.21% compared to basic M-CNNs structures. Varying our applications, the mAP@75 of the BDD100K multi-object detection and recognition dataset improved by 50.16% compared to its unadapted version, even when trained from scratch. The proposed fusion demonstrated robustness and stability, even when distractors were used as inputs. While our goal is to reuse previous state-of-the-art architectures with few modifications, we also expose the disadvantages of our explored strategy

Urinary Tract Infection Bacteria Classification: Artificial Intelligence-based Medical Application

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a type of health disorder, an infection in the urinary glands mainly caused by bacteria. Currently, conventional early detection methods that have been established involve rapid dipstick strip test and urine culture analysis, which have suboptimal accuracy and effectiveness. Several retrospective studies regarding UTI bacteria classification have shown promising results, but still have limitations regarding prediction accuracy and technical simplicity. This study aims to implement a method based on artificial intelligence (AI) in classifying images of bacteria that causes UTIs. Eight artificial intelligence methods based on deep neural networks were used in the study; the models were evaluated and compared based on the prediction's effectiveness and accuracy. This study also seeks to create the easiest method of classifying bacteria causing UTIs using a computer-based application with the best obtained AI-based model. The best training results using an intelligent approach placed DenseNet201 as the method with the highest accuracy (83.99%). Then, the output model was used as a knowledge reference for the designed computer-based application. Real-time prediction results will appear in the application window

Exploring variability in medical imaging

Although recent successes of deep learning and novel machine learning techniques improved the perfor- mance of classification and (anomaly) detection in computer vision problems, the application of these methods in medical imaging pipeline remains a very challenging task. One of the main reasons for this is the amount of variability that is encountered and encapsulated in human anatomy and subsequently reflected in medical images. This fundamental factor impacts most stages in modern medical imaging processing pipelines. Variability of human anatomy makes it virtually impossible to build large datasets for each disease with labels and annotation for fully supervised machine learning. An efficient way to cope with this is to try and learn only from normal samples. Such data is much easier to collect. A case study of such an automatic anomaly detection system based on normative learning is presented in this work. We present a framework for detecting fetal cardiac anomalies during ultrasound screening using generative models, which are trained only utilising normal/healthy subjects. However, despite the significant improvement in automatic abnormality detection systems, clinical routine continues to rely exclusively on the contribution of overburdened medical experts to diagnosis and localise abnormalities. Integrating human expert knowledge into the medical imaging processing pipeline entails uncertainty which is mainly correlated with inter-observer variability. From the per- spective of building an automated medical imaging system, it is still an open issue, to what extent this kind of variability and the resulting uncertainty are introduced during the training of a model and how it affects the final performance of the task. Consequently, it is very important to explore the effect of inter-observer variability both, on the reliable estimation of model’s uncertainty, as well as on the model’s performance in a specific machine learning task. A thorough investigation of this issue is presented in this work by leveraging automated estimates for machine learning model uncertainty, inter-observer variability and segmentation task performance in lung CT scan images. Finally, a presentation of an overview of the existing anomaly detection methods in medical imaging was attempted. This state-of-the-art survey includes both conventional pattern recognition methods and deep learning based methods. It is one of the first literature surveys attempted in the specific research area.Open Acces

Estudo e análise de Redes Neurais Convolucionais Profundas na identificação de doenças em plantas por imagens

Tese (doutorado) — Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2022.Rede Neurais Convolucionais (CNNs), demonstram um potencial para tarefas relacionadas à Visão Computacional. A característica de maior destaque das CNNs é sua capacidade de explorar a correlação espacial ou temporal nos dados. Assim, várias melhorias na metodologia e arquitetura de aprendizagem das redes foram realizadas para tornar as CNNs escaláveis para problemas grandes, heterogêneos, complexos e multiclasses. A agricultura delimita um escopo de problemas desafiadores, que carecem de tecnologias para proporcionar maior incremento na produção agrícola, principalmente em relação ao enfrentamento de doenças. As doenças de plantas são consideradas um dos principais fatores que influenciam a produção de alimentos, e a sua identificação é primordialmente realizada por técnicas manuais ou por microscopia, oque aumenta o tempo de diagnóstico e as possibilidades de erro. Soluções automatizadas de identificação de doenças de plantas, usando imagens e aprendizado de máquina, em especial as CNNs, têm proporcionado avanços significativos. Entretanto, a maioria das abordagens possui baixa capacidade de classificação, tendo como agravante as infestações simultâneas por diferentes patógenos e as confusões sintomáticas causadas por fatores abióticos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar e avaliar as arquiteturas CNNs, explorando potencialidades e prospectando novos arranjos de arquitetura para classificar doenças de plantas e identificar patógenos. A abordagem fez uso de uma estratégia de customização, na qual redes operativas independentes ou blocos convolucionais são integradas em um único modelo para capturar um conjunto mais variado de características. A NEMANeté um resultado relevante desta abordagem de customização de CNNs para classificação de fitonematoides em imagens microscópicas. O mo-delo alcançou a melhor taxa de acurácia atingindo 99,35%, possibilitando melhorias gerais de precisão superiores a 6,83% e 4,1%, para treinamento com inicialização dos pesos e para transferência de aprendizagem, em comparação com outras arquiteturas avaliadas. Os resultados demonstraram que a customização de arquiteturas CNNs é uma abordagem promissora para o aumento de ganhos em termo de acurácia, convergência das redes e tamanho dos modelos.Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) demonstrate a potential for computer vision tasks.The most prominent feature of CNNs is their ability to explore spatial or temporal correlationin the data. Thus, several improvements in the methodology and architecture of learning of thenetworks were made to make the CNNs scalable for large, heterogeneous, complex, and multi-class problems. Agriculture delimits a scope of challenging problems, which lack technologiesto increase agricultural production, especially about coping with diseases. Plant diseases areconsidered one of the main factors that influence food production, and their identification is pri-marily performed by manual techniques or microscopy, which increases the time of diagnosisand the possibility of errors. Using imaging and machine learning, especially CNNs, automatedplant disease identification solutions have provided significant advances. However, most appro-aches have low classification capacity, with simultaneous infestations by different pathogensand symptomatic confusion caused by abiotic factors as an aggravating factor. Thus, this workaims to analyze and evaluate CNN architectures, exploring potentialities and prospecting newarchitectural arrangements to classify plant diseases and identify pathogens. The approach useda customization strategy, in which independent operative networks or convolutional blocks areintegrated into a single model to capture a more varied set of characteristics. TheNEMANetis arelevant result of this CNN customization approach for the classification of phytonematodes inmicroscopic images. The model achieved the best accuracy rate reaching 99.35%, enabling ove-rall accuracy improvements greater than 6.83% and 4.1%, for weight initialization training andlearning transfer, compared to other evaluated architectures. The results showed that the custo-mization of CNN architectures is a promising approach to increase gains in terms of accuracy,the convergence of networks, and the size of the model

Proceedings of Abstracts, School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science Research Conference 2022

© 2022 The Author(s). This is an open-access work distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For further details please see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Plenary by Prof. Timothy Foat, ‘Indoor dispersion at Dstl and its recent application to COVID-19 transmission’ is © Crown copyright (2022), Dstl. This material is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected] present proceedings record the abstracts submitted and accepted for presentation at SPECS 2022, the second edition of the School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science Research Conference that took place online, the 12th April 2022