1,532 research outputs found

    Creating fair lineups for suspects with distinctive features

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    In their descriptions, eyewitnesses often refer to a culprit's distinctive facial features. However, in a police lineup, selecting the only member with the described distinctive feature is unfair to the suspect and provides the police with little further information. For fair and informative lineups, the distinctive feature should be either replicated across foils or concealed on the target. In the present experiments, replication produced more correct identifications in target-present lineupsโ€”without increasing the incorrect identification of foils in target-absent lineupsโ€”than did concealment. This pattern, and only this pattern, is predicted by the hybrid-similarity model of recognition

    Disgust trumps lust:womenโ€™s disgust and attraction towards men is unaffected by sexual arousal

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    Mating is a double-edged sword. It can have great adaptive benefits, but also high costs, depending on the mate. Disgust is an avoidance reaction that serves the function of discouraging costly mating decisions, for example if the risk of pathogen transmission is high. It should, however, be temporarily inhibited in order to enable potentially adaptive mating. We therefore tested the hypothesis that sexual arousal inhibits disgust if a partner is attractive, but not if he is unattractive or shows signs of disease. In an online experiment, women rated their disgust towards anticipated behaviors with men depicted on photographs. Participants did so in a sexually aroused state and in a control state. The faces varied in attractiveness and the presence of disease cues (blemishes). We found that disease cues and attractiveness, but not sexual arousal, influenced disgust. The results suggest that women feel disgust at sexual contact with unattractive or diseased men independently of their sexual arousal

    Do prosopagnosics have impaired spatial coding within or between objects?

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    Barton and Cherkasova (2005) tested within-object and between-object spatial abilities of patients with prosopagnosia and concluded that prosopagnosia is the result of within-object spatial impairment. The interpretation of these findings is difficult as Barton and Cherkasova\u27s (2005) experimental design involved a major confound of using smaller distances in the within-object task and larger distances in the between-object task. The present study used the same distances on between-object and within-object spatial discrimination tasks in an attempt to replicate the findings of Barton and Cherkasova (2005). Experiments 1 and 2 were designed to test within-object and between-object spatial processing of faces and objects, respectively, in prosopagnosia using the between-object spatial distances from Barton and Cherkasova (2005) while Experiments 3 and 4 tested these impairments using the within-object spatial distances from the original study. The experiments failed to find a difference in between-object and within-object spatial processing in a prosopagnosic

    The use of photographic caricatures to examine the development of a perception of facial attractiveness

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    Throughout the human population, there is remarkable agreement as to what constitutes an attractive face. The consistency of attractiveness ratings across age, gender and culture has led to a search for an underlying construct that determines facial attractiveness. Langlois and Roggman (1990) proposed the average is attractive hypothesis arguing that facial attractiveness is determined by the level of averageness of facial features. Langlois and Roggman (1990) created composite faces to examine this hypothesis but their methodology was criticised, particularly because the technique used to create the composites tended to remove facial flaws and blemishes. This led to the argument that the increased attractiveness of the composite faces was the result of the smoothing of the faces rather than from their increased averageness. This study used photographic quality caricatures, which retain facial texture, to further examine the average is attractive hypothesis. From a digitised photograph, faces shifted away from the average by +18% and +36% (caricatures), and faces shifted closer to the average by -18% and -36% (anticaricatures) were produced. Along with the original photograph this provided five different versions of the same face varying only on averageness. Forty-eight of these face sets were created: six male and six female sets for the ages 6-, 8-, 10-year-olds and adults. Twenty participants in each of the age groups 6-, 8-, 1 0-year-olds and adults were asked to select the most and the least attractive face from each set. Examination of the mean caricature level chosen by each group found an overall preference for average faces providing support for the average is attractive hypothesis. The preference for average faces was present in the youngest age groups but the strength of the effect increased with age. There is, however, a suggestion that absolute averageness is not preferred, with some support for the idea of an optimum level of averageness

    The Effect of Real-World Personal Familiarity on the Speed of Face Information Processing

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    Background. Previous studies have explored the effects of familiarity on various kinds of visual face judgments, yet the role of familiarity in face processing is not fully understood. Across different face judgments and stimulus sets, the data is equivocal as to whether or not familiarity impacts recognition processes. Methodology/Principal Findings. Here, we examine the effect of real-world personal familiarity in three simple delayed-match-to-sample tasks in which subjects were required to match faces on the basis of orientation (upright v. inverted), gender and identity. We find that subjects had a significant speed advantage with familiar faces in all three tasks, with large effects for the gender and identity matching tasks. Conclusion/Significance. Our data indicates that real-world experience with a face exerts a powerful influence on face processing in tasks where identity information is irrelevant, even in tasks that could in principle be solved via low-level cues. These results underscore the importance of experience in shaping visual recognition processes

    Coloration in different areas of facial skin is a cue to health: The role of cheek redness and periorbital luminance in health perception

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    Looking healthy is a desirable trait, and facial skin color is a predictor of perceived health. However, skin conditions that cause dissatisfaction with appearance are specific to particular facial areas. We investigated whether color variation in facial skin is related to perceived health. Study 1 defined three areas based on color differences between faces perceived as healthy or unhealthy: the forehead, periorbital areas, and the cheeks. Periorbital luminance and cheek redness predicted perceived health, as did global skin yellowness. In Study 2, increased luminance and redness caused faces to be perceived as healthier, but only when the increase was in the periorbital and cheek areas, respectively. Manipulating each area separately in Study 3 revealed cheek redness and periorbital luminance equally increased perceived health, with low periorbital luminance more negatively affecting perceptions. These findings show that color variation in facial skin is a cue for health perception in female faces

    Law's Looking Glass: Expert Identification Evidence Derived from Photographic and Video Images

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    This article offers a critical overview of expert identification evidence based on images. It reviews the Australian case law and then, in an interdisciplinary manner, endeavours to explain methodological, technical and theoretical problems with facial mapping evidence. It suggests that extant admissibility jurisprudence and traditional safeguards associated with expert opinion evidence and the adversarial trial might not adequately protect those accused of committing criminal acts when they are confronted with incriminating expert identification evidence

    ๋ณด์ •์–ดํ”Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ SNS ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ํ•˜์ง€์ˆ˜.์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํƒ„์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํ‚น ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ, ๋ณด์ •๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์…€์นด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต๊ณผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ์ธ ์…€์นด์™€ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋ณด์ • ์•ฑ ๋‚ด์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฒซ์งธ, ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ž๊ธฐํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์•ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์…€์นด๋ฅผ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์š•๊ตฌ์— ํŠน์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ž์•„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ '์ž๊ธฐ'์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š•๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํŠน์ • ์•ฑ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์งˆ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ„์— ์—ด๊ฑฐ๋œ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด 20๋ช…์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‹ฌ์ธต ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฉด์ ‘์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— Giorgi์˜ ์„œ์ˆ ์  ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„ํŽธ์ง‘ ์•ฑ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋™๊ธฐ ๋‚ด 3๊ฐœ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ(์†Œ์…œ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ, ์™ธ๋ชจ ๊ฐ€๊พธ๊ธฐ, ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ ์‘), ์ž๊ธฐํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ ๋‚ด 5๊ฐœ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ(์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ž์œจ์„ฑ ์š”์ธ, ์†Œ์…œ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋งค์ฒด ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ์š”์ธ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์  ์š”์ธ, ์†Œ์…œ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์š”์ธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”์ธ), ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ํŽธ์ง‘ ์…€์นด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๊ณต์œ ๋œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ทœ์น™ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ(์ง„์ •์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐํ‘œ์…˜, '๊ฐ€์งœ'๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ํŽธ์ง‘์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŽธ์ง‘ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณด์ • ๊ทœ์น™, ์…€์นด ํŽธ์ง‘ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ™œ์šฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•), ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋‚ด์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ(์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ํ˜ธ๋ถˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ์ƒ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ๋„์‹œ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€)๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ง„ํŽธ์ง‘ ์•ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งค๊ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ์†Œ์…œ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ ์—ญ๋™์„ฑ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์†Œ์…œ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์š•๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.In today's society, advances in technology have transformed approaches to culture and lifestyles, resulting in a different mode of self presentation as well. Traditional social structures and modes of interactions have shifted, as individuals spend more time online than offline, with social networking platforms at the center of this change. Here, the used of edited selfies are the main mediums of visual communication and engagement with others. This studys objectives lie in the investigation of expressive characteristics within selfies and especially photo-editing apps, as tools to assist ones self presentation on social media. First, an inspection of the online nature of social media and its influence on interactions with others is used as a foundation to understand how personal self presentation with online mediums work, and also identify social media users underlying motivations for using apps to edit selfies. Second various factors that influence social media users desires be viewed in a certain way are explored, along with how these factors shape the users approaches to their expression of self-image. Lastly, the correlations between specific app features and ways of self-presentation in relation to self-concept and image are examined to gain a deeper comprehension on the diverse desires of different social media users in their portrayal of the ideal self. A qualitative approach in terms of methodology was chosen, in which individual in-depth interviews of a total of twenty participants from South Korea was conducted to gather data concerning the aims listed above. Giorgis descriptive phenomenological method was used as the frame for data analysis as it effectively preserves the meaning phenomena this study wishes to understand through interview participants own subjective experience. Results of analyzed data revealed three categories within photo-editing app usage motivations (influence of social media, polishing ones appearance, online acculturation), five categories within influencing factors of self presentation (self autonomy factors, nature of social media medium factors, personal perspective factors, social media user factors, socio-cultural factors), four categories within shared general rules of social media users in their approach to self presentation and editing selfies (authentic style of self presentation, avoiding extreme edits in fear of looking 'fake', general rules of edits, natural methods of selfie editing tool), and six categories in desired online self-image (natural image, living life as I want image, diverse and unrestricted image, crowd-pleaser image, amiable and easy-going image, urban and refined image) Overall, the findings of this study are of value as it provides a thorough understanding of not only the significance of the dynamics of a visual-oriented social media platform on ones self presentation mediated through photo-editing apps, but also how the distinct editing processes of social media users reflect of their individual self-image desires.Chapter I. Introduction 1 1. Background 1 2. Research Purpose, Questions, Implications 3 Chapter II. Literature Review 6 1. The Concept of 'Self' and Self Presentation 6 1.1 The 'Self' and Self-Concept 6 1.2 Self Presentation and Impression Management (Goffman) 7 1.3 Self Presentation and Impression Management (Leary and Kowalski) 8 2. Rise of the Social Media 10 2.1 Characteristics and Applications of Social Media 10 2.2 Online Self Presentation and Identity Exploration 11 3. Selfie, Selfie Editing and Beauty Apps 14 3.1 The 'Selfie' 14 3.2 The Normalization of Selfie Editing 15 3.3 Proliferation of Photo-Editing Apps 16 3.4 Influence of Self-Discrepancy on Self Esteem 19 4. Fashion Image and Self Presentation 21 4.1 Fashion Image and Self Concept 21 Chapter III. Methodology 24 1. Phenomenology 24 2. In-depth Interview (IDI) 25 3. Interview Design 25 3.1 Participants Selection and Recruitment 25 3.2 Interview Structure 27 3.3 Interview Question 28 4. Procedures 29 4.1 IRB Approval 29 4.2 Data Collection 29 4.3 Data Analysis 29 Chapter IV. Results (Empirical Study) 32 1. Overview of results 32 2. Photo-Editing App Usage Motivations 32 2.1 Influence of Social Media 32 2.2 Polishing One's Appearance 38 2.3 Online Acculturation 45 3. Influencing Factors of Self Presentation 50 3.1 Self Autonomy Factors 50 3.2 Nature of Social Media Medium Factors 55 3.3 Personal Perspective Factors 58 3.4 Social Media User Factors 60 3.5 Socio-Cultural Factors 63 4. Shared General Rules of Social Media Users 68 4.1 Authentic Style of Self Presentation 68 4.2 Avoiding Extreme Edits in Fear of Looking 'Fake' 75 4.3 General Rules of Edits 83 4.4 Natural Methods of Selfie Editing Tool 86 5. Desired Online 'Self' Image 89 5.1 Natural Image 89 5.2 Living Life as I want, Image 92 5.3 Diverse and Unrestricted Image 95 5.4 Crowd-Pleaser Image 98 5.5 Amiable, Easy-Going Image 103 5.6 Urban and Refined Image 108 Chapter V. Conclusion and Discussion 114 Bibliography 117 Abstract in Korean 125์„

    Review of Health Hazards and Toxicological Effects of Constituents of Cosmetics

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    Cosmetic products are designed for use on human body for beautifying and promoting attractiveness and appearance; for these reasons, cosmetics are in high demand especially among women of all ages in every country. Despite many vulnerabilities associated with cosmetic usage, the cosmetic and โ€˜makeupโ€™ continues to enjoy wide acceptability irrespective of age and sex. This is made possible by massive advertising employed by producers and marketers of cosmetics. Advertising is the link between manufactured products and would-be consumers; it plays a crucial role in determining the product that is mostly patronised and vice versa. Therefore, ethical advertising that promotes utilitarian benefits of cosmetics should be encouraged over and above emotional advertisement that lowers self-esteem of consumers and offers such products as solution to their low self-esteem. Despite the ban in many countries of poisonous substances in cosmetic products, inexhaustive list of substances, such as lead, chromium, nickel, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, hydroquinone, steroids, nitrosamine, etc. are still present in many cosmetic products. In most cases, above regulatory values, cancers, renal disorders, thinning and easy brushing of the skin, dermatophyte infection with lesions, macular hyper pigmentation, pityriasis vesicular, diabetes mellitus, micropapular eruption, hypertension, etc. are possible toxicological and health hazards that may be associated with continuous cosmetic application
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