The applicability of the 3C model for understanding the use of technology in emergency management scenarios

The nature of emergency is intensive, imposing challenges related to the way coagencies collaborate. The 3C model consists of the combination of three elements, namely communication, coordination, and cooperation, connecting in a cycle, illustrating the nature of collaborative work for accomplishing certain tasks. Very few studies considered the use of the 3C model for improving collaboration in domains other than emergency management. This paper presents a scoping review of the literature in the domain of emergency management, focusing on how the 3C model can help us understand the use of technology for improving collaboration. The paper identifies the commonalities between the elements of the 3C model for improving our understanding of collaboration in emergency management scenarios, and indicating the inter-relationships among the elements of the 3C model that are applicable for understanding the topology of technology use in emergency management