HIV and AIDS in the Russian Federation : prisons as a case study of risk environments and agency

This thesis explores Russian prisons as risk environments for the spread of HIV through intravenous drug use. The Russian HIV epidemic is extremely fast growing, and though exact prevalence rates are unknown, the epidemic is now considered generalized as estimated prevalence rates exceed one percent of the Russian population. After decades of foreign-aid and interventions in African nations have largely failed to address the HIV epidemic, social scientists now attribute HIV infection to risk environments created by low levels of social cohesion and a lack of agency. Within my research, I explore Russian male prisons and the role risk environments and agency play in the spread of HIV. I review recently published literature, government statistics, as well as reports published by non-governmental organizations. I then analyze and interpret these data, draw conclusions and inferences regarding the spread of HIV within Russian prison risk environments.Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studie

Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas II A Wanita di Yogyakarta (Penekanan pada Arsitektur Bioklimatik)

Prison is a dwelling inhabited by individuals who have one or more cases of the problem of crime, so that the individual must be stay "temporary" in the Correctional Institution. The so-called individual prisoners or detainees. Penitentiary itself is built with the aim to protect and guarantee the individual rights that are in it. With the building Penitentiary This will ultimately support the security and safety of individuals within and in the surrounding environment, especially for the local community.Yogyakarta is the capital city of the city of Yogyakarta, where the city was under the leadership of Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta is an area that has the climate and the weather was good enough to socially constructed buildings such as the Correctional Institution in order to create a building that does not seem creepy but also provide comfort to occupants who will also affect the view of the surrounding environment. Given Yogyakarta does not have Penitentiary devoted to women, the plan is deemed to be appropriate to look at the environmental conditions around the Yogyakarta area.The design concept of the physical appearance of the building exterior and interior of the building will be emphasized in linking to the climatic conditions with the daily activities of the man himself. Keywords: Woman Penitentiary Class II A, bioclimatic architecture, D.I Yogyakarta

Professional self-determination in the context of youth crime prevention

Професійне самовизначення як спеціально організований процес, може бути ефективним як в період ранньої профілактики, так і в пенітенціарний та постпенітенціарний період, коли вирішуються питання ресоціалізації молодих людей, забезпечення їх включення в нормальне життя, в здорове соціальне середовище і запобігання рецидиву правопорушень. За таких умов забезпечення професійного самовизначення молодої людини вирішує три аспекти профілактики злочинів серед молоді: оздоровлення середовища, корекцію особистості, оптимізацію взаємодії особистості і середовища.Professional self-determination as a specially organized process can be as effective during the early prevention and in the penitentiary and post-penitentiary period when the issues re-socialization of young people should be resolved by to ensure their inclusion in normal life, a healthy social environment and prevent recurrence of violations. Under these conditions for professional self-determination of a young man decides to three aspects of crime prevention among youth recreation environment, personality adjustment, optimizing the interaction of personality and environment

Uzbekistan Supplementary NGO Report on the Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in the Republic of Uzbekistan

[Excerpt] The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) was one of the first international instruments to which the Republic of Uzbekistan acceded, and with parliamentary ratification on 9 December 1992, the Republic of Uzbekistan entered into a commitment to observe all the provisions of the CRC and to shoulder its responsibility before the international community. As a result various legislative, administrative and other steps have been taken by the government of the Republic of Uzbekistan with a view to bringing the State policy and legislation on children to be in line with the provisions as enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Constitution incorporates the fundamental provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. At the current stage in the restructuring of the country’s social and economic development, solid foundations have been laid for the conduct of significant democratic reforms based on a recognition of the innate worth of the individual (including the child) and of the unconditional respect of his or her rights and freedoms. Until recently, the State acted as the main guarantor of the provision of all social services, however the process of the transition (political/economic) to a market economy has entailed the development of new economic relations with a reduction in the allocation of state resources for the provision of social services to children. The efforts of the government made so far to bring the state policy and legislation on the child to be in line with the provisions enshrined in the convention on the rights of the child are commendable; never the less, the implementations of all these policies and laws into practice needs a lot to desire as there are a number of ongoing child rights violations. The National Report has fundamentally overlooked a number of child rights privileges enshrined in the CRC that have not yet been realised, or those rights that have been eroded since the independence. These shortcomings need to be noted for consideration so that the state steps up its efforts to enact new laws and/or to enforce the existing rules and regulations required for the protection and implementation of these child rights, and to improve the overall situation for children in the Republic of Uzbekistan

Democracy, Prison, and Public Safety Realignment: Renewing Our Imagination

The American carceral condition has waged a 200-year-old struggle where the lives of the guilty, the innocent, and the victimized have taken center stage in a debate centered on rehabilitation, reformation, and revenge. The drama has undergone a number of revisions from great scholarly authors, multidisciplinary intellectuals, and literary muses. Despite a number of new renderings, the central themes of the American prison have remained constant, and just as there have been builders of prisons, there have been forces intent on their destruction. The current state of the American carceral condition has burgeoned since the neoliberal political and economic shift began in 1980. The State of California enjoys a political reputation as a socially liberal blue state, yet it is one of the national leaders in prison expansion, penal conservatism, and punitive excess. In 2011, California began the prison realignment system that includes sentencing restructuring and housing long- term felons in local county jails, thus shifting the financial burden and supervised release of inmates to local county Sheriff’s offices. The realignment is but one layer of the state’s response to the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision that California prisons violated the Eighth Amendment, in part, to overcrowding. The system is too young to reach definitive conclusions, but is at a crossroads. Either realignment will serve as another model for prison reformation and possibly prison abolition, or it will extend the carceral reach of the state into “free” space, essentially eliminating the wall, both literally and figuratively, that separates free souls from those held captive

THE ROLE OF CONSULTATION IN THE REFORM OF ROMANIAN PENITENTIARY SYSTEM

This article analyses the consultation process and its role in reforming the Romanian penitentiary system. Nowaday, the consultation process is considered an area where innovation and new approaches are most in evidence, involving new groups often ignored. The benefits of consultation are increasingly acknowledged, because it allows the involvement of many stakeholders. In the second part of the paper we analyzed the public consultation practice in Romania, emphasising the necessity of improving the consultation process and the social dialogue by creating a mechanism and developing practices that involve people interested in the consultation process. At the end of the article we have shown the key role of consultation in identifying the penitentiary system issues by means of a questionnaire distributed to the employees and prisoners of the National Penitentiary Agency. At the end, the issues identified allowed us to show the main reform directions in the Romanian penitentiary system.consultation process, decisional transparency, respect for fundamental rights of the individual

Insufficient access to harm reduction measures in prisons in 5 countries (PRIDE Europe): a shared European public health concern

Background: Prisoners constitute a high-risk population, particularly for infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate the level of infectious risk in the prisons of five different European countries by measuring to what extent the prison system adheres to WHO/UNODC recommendations. Methods: Following the methodology used in a previous French survey, a postal/electronic questionnaire was sent to all prisons in Austria, Belgium, Denmark and Italy to collect data on the availability of several recommended HIV-HCV prevention interventions and HBV vaccination for prisoners. A score was built to compare adherence to WHO/UNODC recommendations (considered a proxy of environmental infectious risk) in those 4 countries. It ranged from 0 (no adherence) to 12 (full adherence). A second score (0 to 9) was built to include data from a previous French survey, thereby creating a 5-country comparison. Results: A majority of prisons answered in Austria (100 %), France (66 %) and Denmark (58 %), half in Belgium (50 %) and few in Italy (17 %), representing 100, 74, 89, 47 and 23 % coverage of the prison populations, respectively. Availability of prevention measures was low, with median adherence scores ranging from 3.5 to 4.5 at the national level. These results were confirmed when using the second score which included France in the inter-country comparison. Overall, the adherence score was inversely associated with prison overpopulation rates (p = 0.08). Conclusions: Using a score of adherence to WHO/UNODC recommendations, the estimated environmental infectious risk remains extremely high in the prisons of the 5 European countries assessed. Public health strategies should be adjusted to comply with the principle of equivalence of care and prevention with the general community

Reforming the Juvenile in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century England

In a recent Green Paper on punishment, rehabilitation and sentencing the coalition government promised a ‘rehabilitation revolution’ in relation to its plans for dealing with offending by young people, ‘We must do better so that we can stop the young offenders of today becoming the prolific adult offenders of tomorrow’.1 An emphasis on prevention, on restorative justice, and on informal intervention points to successive governments concerns about the juvenile prison population. The proposed alternative to youth custody, the Young Offenders Academy, will instead focus on community and localism, harnessing integrated education, mental health and family services in order to focus on the education and development of the children.2 However, the ethos of a more child-centred approach to the penality of juvenile delinquents is not an innovation. Historically, the development of juvenile penal institutions has weaved a course between the needs of the children and the potential for reform on the one hand, and the political and public demands for retribution in the form of custodial sentences on the other