Pengaruh Kebakaran dan Waktu Setelah Terbakar terhadap Makrofauna Tanah Gambut di Kecamatan Teluk Meranti Kabupaten Pelalawan

This study aimed to compare macrofauna of burnt and unburned peat soil and to know the effect of time increase after fire to macrofauna peat soil. This research was conducted by survey method, sampling for soil macrofauna data determined by purposive random sampling method that is by choosing the location in accordance with the purpose of research. The soil samples were taken on unburnt peatland, in peat a week after fires and in peat 4 months after fires with a capture area of 1 m x 1 m at a depth of up to 15 cm taken 6 samples so that there were 18 samples. The data obtained from the results of research and calculations are listed in table form. Then the data is analyzed statistically descriptive. The results of this study indicate the type and number of macrofauna individual soil on peat is not burned more than peat a week after the fire and, peat 4 months after the fire. Time-increasing effects on peat a week after a fire have increased the type and number of macrofauna because macrofauna proliferate in peat 4 months after the fire

Inventory of Boreal Fire Emissions for North America in 2004: The Importance of Peat Burning and Pyro-Convective Injection

The summer of 2004 was one of the largest fire seasons on record for Alaska and western Canada. We construct a daily bottom-up fire emission inventory for that season, including consideration of peat burning and high-altitude (buoyant) injection, and evaluate it in a global chemical transport model (the GEOS-Chem CTM) simulation of CO through comparison with MOPITT satellite and ICARTT aircraft observations. The inventory is constructed by combining daily area burned reports and MODIS fire hot spots with estimates of fuel consumption and emission factors based on ecosystem type. We estimate the contribution from peat burning using drainage and peat distribution maps for Alaska and Canada; 17% of the reported 5.1 × 106 ha burned were located in peatlands in 2004. Our total estimate of North American fire emissions during the summer of 2004 is 30 Tg CO, including 11 Tg from peat. Including peat burning in the GEOS-Chem simulation improves agreement with MOPITT observations. The long-range transport of fire plumes observed by MOPITT suggests that the largest fires injected a significant fraction of their emissions in the upper troposphere.Earth and Planetary SciencesEngineering and Applied Science

Holocene fire history: can evidence of peat burning be found in the palaeo-archive?

Smouldering wildfires in peatlands have the potential to release substantial amounts of the carbon currently sequestered in these ecosystems. However, past studies of Holocene fire history in peatlands have given little consideration to the identification of evidence left behind after peat burning, or to charring of the peat matrix. In this study, modern peat samples from peatlands across the globe were charred in order to assess the identifiable characteristics of charred peat. On this basis we believe that charred aggregates of partially decayed organics which can be identified in cores provide clear evidence that the peat matrix itself burned. A range of charred morphotypes could be found throughout a 2 m peat core from and we are able to identify charred partially decayed aggregates that appeared to correspond with peaks in fire activity on the bog. These may reflect periods when surface fires ignited the peat surface below, or when the radiant heat from surface fires was sufficient to pyrolyse the surface peat. We conclude that it is possible to find evidence of peat burning in the palaeo-archive, and that future studies should begin to document the occurrence of charred particles so that the discipline can begin to build a picture of possible past peat fire activity.CMB acknowledges a European Research Council Starter Grant ERC-2013- StG- 335891-ECOFLAM, and AGS acknowledges the NERC Millipeat grant: NERC Standard grant NE/I012915/1

Impacts of land use, restoration, and climate change on tropical peat carbon stocks in the 21st century: Implications for climate mitigation

The climate mitigation potential of tropical peatlands has gained increased attention as Southeast Asian peatlands are being deforested, drained and burned at very high rates, causing globally significant carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere. We used a process-based dynamic tropical peatland model to explore peat carbon (C) dynamics of several management scenarios within the context of simulated twenty-first century climate change. Simulations of all scenarios with land use, including restoration, indicated net C losses over the twenty-first century ranging from 10 to 100 % of pre-disturbance values. Fire can be the dominant C-loss pathway, particularly in the drier climate scenario we tested. Simulated 100 years of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cultivation with an initial prescribed burn resulted in 2400–3000 Mg CO2 ha−1 total emissions. Simulated restoration following one 25-year oil palm rotation reduced total emissions to 440–1200 Mg CO2 ha−1, depending on climate. These results suggest that even under a very optimistic scenario of hydrological and forest restoration and the wettest climate regime, only about one third of the peat C lost to the atmosphere from 25 years of oil palm cultivation can be recovered in the following 75 years if the site is restored. Emissions from a simulated land degradation scenario were most sensitive to climate, with total emissions ranging from 230 to 10,600 Mg CO2 ha−1 over 100 years for the wettest and driest dry season scenarios, respectively. The large difference was driven by increased fire probability. Therefore, peat fire suppression is an effective management tool to maintain tropical peatland C stocks in the near term and should be a high priority for climate mitigation efforts. In total, we estimate emissions from current cleared peatlands and peatlands converted to oil palm in Southeast Asia to be 8.7 Gt CO2 over 100 years with a moderate twenty-first century climate. These emissions could be minimized by effective fire suppression and hydrological restoration

NATISK fire-fighting system application in peat-fire liquidation

The article touches upon possibility of Natisk fire-fighting system application in peat-fire application. High effectiveness of compressive foam fed by Natisk fire-fighting system to prevent develop of one-spot peat fire into ground fire and further into many spot peat fire has been experimentally determined. The expedience of compressive foam application for antifire trenches filling up to stop peat fires has been noted, it may be combined nith intermixing of smouldering peat. The latter prevents spark scattering in the air, cooled off smouldering peat and in the end it promotes fire liquidation. The experiments of fire- fighting carried out by compressive foam feeding into peat layers adjoining the fireplace were not effective. On our opinion it can be explained by poor moistering of peat by foam. High effectiveness of Natisk fire-fighting system application for prevention of peat fire development into other kinds cause the necessity to go on working in this direction.Проанализированы возможности использования при ликвидации торфяных пожаров системы NATISK. Экспериментально установлена высокая эффективность использования компрессионной пены, подаваемой системой пожаротушения NATISK, для недопущения развития одноочагового торфяного пожара в низовой, а в дальнейшем в многоочаговый торфяной пожар. Отмечена целесообразность использования компрессионной пены для заполнения противопожарных канав при остановке торфяных пожаров, а также в сочетании с перемешиванием тлеющего торфа. Последнее предотвращает разлет искр, охлаждает горящий торф и в конечном счете способствует ликвидации пожара. Проведенные эксперименты тушения торфяного пожара подачей компрессионной пены в прилегающие к очагу горения слои торфа эффекта не дали, что, на наш взгляд, объясняется низкой способностью смачивания торфа пеной. Высокая эффективность использования системы пожаротушения NATISK для недопущения развития торфяных пожаров в другие виды вызывает необходимость продолжения исследований в данном направлении

Tingkat Kerawanan Kebakaran Gambut Di Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin, Sumatera Selatan (Peat Fire Susceptibility in Musi Banyuasin District, South Sumatra)

Forest and land fire in 2015 was a catastrophe in Indonesia, as it did not only cause damage on forest ecosystem and environments, but also impacted human health and economic loss. This research aimed to identify hotspots distribution in 2014-2015 as an indicator of forest and land fire, and to analyze fire susceptibility in Musi Banyuasin district, South Sumatra. Data used for fire prone analysis consisted of land cover map, forest status, hotspots data derived from NOAA18, soil types, topography and moratorium map. Results showed that based on land function, hotspots were mostly found in production forest with hotspots density of 0.049 hotspots km-2. Based on land cover type, hotspots were mostly found in the open land (88 hotspots). Based on soil types, hotspots were mostly occurred on peat soils (180 hotspots and hotspot density 0.048 hotspot km-2). Soil type was mostly associated with hotspot occurrence. Sub-district of Bayung Lencir has the highest fire susceptibility among others. Low precipitation and El-Ninö phenomenon in 2015 were not the only drivers of peat fire. However two main current problems in the Forest Management Unit of Lalan Mangsang Mendis (e.g. illegal logging and open access) were driver factors of peat fire in the district

Characterization of Acid Deposition at Pasoh Forest Reserve and Sepang Fire-Peat Swamp

Pasoh Forest Reserve is located away from industrialized or urbanized areas. As a remote area, therefore Pasoh Forest Reserve is important to provide baseline information on the level of soil acidification in Malaysia. Furthermore, studies on the natural fires soil such as Sepang fire-peat are rare in Malaysia. The investigation of natural fires soil is essential for comparison purposes to Pasoh Forest Reserve. Hence, the objective of the study was to determine the physico-chemical properties of soils at Pasoh Forest Reserve and Sepang fire-peat swamp for evaluating the extent of acid deposition. Six subplots with dimension of 1 m x 1 m x 1 m were selected at the Pasoh Forest Reserve, while, only one plot with dimension of 1 m x 1 m x 1m was dug at the Sepang fire-peat swamp. Soil samples were taken from every 10 cm layer until 1 m depth. For each soil sample, acidity (PH), moisture content, bulk density, electrical conductivity, available phosphate (P042), available sulphate (sol"), exchangeable acidity, exchangeable A1 and H, exchangeable base cations, effective cation exchangeable capacity (BeEC) and base saturation were determined. At top part of soil profile at Pasoh Forest Reserve, there was an A horizon, characterized by dark brown colour as a result of an accumulation of humified organic matter intimately mixed with mineral matter. Below the A horizon, there was an E horizon, which was lighter in colour and texture. Below the E horizon, there was an EB horizon, which was dominated by the properties of E master horizon but with some properties of B master horizon. The B horizon was granular, blocky, or prismatic structure. The Pasoh Forest Reserve soils are clayey and acidic. The natural soil fires at Sepang caused destruction of soil structure as well as its texture, thus no clear horizon could be observed and the soil was sandy. Throughout 1 m soil depth, Pasoh Forest Reserve and Sepang fire-peat soils showed variation of soil properties. The results indicated that Pasoh Forest Reserve soils were more acidic than Sepang fire-peat soils. By comparing to the Pasoh Forest Reserve soils, the Sepang fire-peat soils showed lower mean values in bulk density and exchangeable acidity, but higher mean values in electrical conductivity, pH, base saturation, available sulphate and available phosphate. Sepang fire-peat soils were also showed relatively high values in exchangeable Mg and Ca, but low values in exchangeable K and Na. Furthermore, mean base saturation values of Sepang fire-peat soils and Pasoh Forest Reserve soils were 97.87 ± 2.42% and 78.77 ± 3.78%, respectively. The base saturation ofPasoh Forest Reserve soil was strongly correlated with the exchangeable Ca, whereas the base saturation of Sepang fire-peat soil was strongly correlated with exchangeable acidity. The significant differences between Pasoh Forest Reserve and Sepang firepeat soils were attributable to changes of soil composition after soil fires in Sepang causing mineral transformation. However, the physico-chemical properties of Pasoh Forest Reserve soils were similar to the previous findings by the Allbrook (1973) and Yoda (1978). Thus, the Pasoh Forest Reserve soils were presumably not unaffected by acid deposition. Additionally, there was no appreciable soil acidification occurred in the Pasoh Forest Reserve since 1973 (29 years)

The Effects of Climatic Variations on Peat Swamp Forest Condition and Peat Combustibility

A study on the effects of climatic variations on peat swamp forest condition and peat combustibility was conducted in peat swamp forest of Sungai Karang Forest Reserve, Tanjong Karang, Selangor, Malaysia. The objectives of the study were to determine: 1). Climatic variations in the study area, 2). The effects of climatic variations on peat swamp forest condition; 3). Peat com bustibility and its influencing factors, and 4). The effects of forest fire on peat swamp forest condition. The study was conducted in compartment 127 during two periods, namely: October 1999 to January 2000 and May 2000 to October 2000, while, the study on forest fire effects was conducted in compartment 132 from October 1999 to January 2000. Climatic water balance, drought occurrences analysis and drought index using Keetch- Byram Drought Index (KBDI) were used to describe clim atic variations. Investigation on peat swamp forest condition included peat characteristics such as moisture content, pH, organic content, ash content. calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium and water level. Heat content and combustion rate were measured to determine peat combustibility. All data obtained were analysed statistically by using multivariate cluster analysis, univariate and multiple regression. The study defined dry season and wet season as a period when monthly rainfall is similar or less than 125 mm and m ore than 125 mm respectively. The area has two drought periods, namely: January, February, and March as the first period and May to August as the second period. Statistically, the season affected moisture content, bulk density, potassium, magnesium, sodium and water level. By using weekly rainfall prediction, the critical peat moisture content to fire is 355%. The high stages of KBDI in 1999/2000 were observed twice, namely on 25 and 26 April 2000. KBDI can be used in predicting moisture content and water level in the study area. Based on the area burned, burning depth and ash color, forest fire occurred on 9 August 1999 was a light intensity fire. The fire, however, caused the decreasing of hydraulic conductivity and magnesium and the increasing of potassium and sodium