12,887 research outputs found
Electron energy probability function and L-p similarity in low pressure inductively coupled bounded plasma
Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations are carried out to investigate the effect of discharge length (L) and pressure (p) on Electron Energy Probability Function (EEPF) in a low pressure radio frequency (rf) inductively coupled plasma (ICP) at 13.56 MHz. It is found that for both cases of varying L (0.1–0.5 m) and p (1–10 mTorr), the EEPF is a bi-Maxwellian with a step in the bounded direction (x) and non-Maxwellian with a hot tail in the symmetric unbounded directions (y, z). The plasma space potential decreases with increase in both L and p, the trapped electrons having energies in the range 0–20 eV. In a conventional discharge bounded in all directions, we infer that L and p are similarity parameters for low energy electrons trapped in the bulk plasma that have energies below the plasma space potential (eVp). The simulation results are consistent with a particle balance model
On the cosmic ray bound for models of extragalactic neutrino production
We obtain the maximum diffuse neutrino intensity predicted by hadronic
photoproduction models of the type which have been applied to the jets of
active galactic nuclei or gamma ray bursts. For this, we compare the proton and
gamma ray fluxes associated with hadronic photoproduction in extragalactic
neutrino sources with the present experimental upper limit on cosmic ray
protons and the extragalactic gamma ray background, employing a transport
calculation of energetic protons traversing cosmic photon backgrounds. We take
into account the effects of the photon spectral shape in the sources on the
photoproduction process, cosmological source evolution, the optical depth for
cosmic ray ejection, and discuss the possible effects of magnetic fields in the
vicinity of the sources. For photohadronic neutrino sources which are optically
thin to the emission of neutrons we find that the cosmic ray flux imposes a
stronger bound than the extragalactic gamma ray background in the energy range
between 10^5 GeV and 10^11 GeV, as previously noted by Waxman & Bahcall (1999).
We also determine the maximum contribution from the jets of active galactic
nuclei, using constraints set to their neutron opacity by gamma-ray
observations. This present upper limit is consistent with the jets of active
galactic nuclei producing the extragalactic gamma ray background hadronically,
but we point out future observations in the GeV-to-TeV regime could lower this
limit. We also briefly discuss the contribution of gamma ray bursts to
ultra-high energy cosmic rays as it can be inferred from possible observations
or limits on their correlated neutrino fluxes.Comment: 16 pages, includes 7 figures, using REVtex3.1, accepted for
publication in Phys.Rev.D after minor revision
Constance mirror program: Progress and plans
The current state of the mechanics of the Constance II experiment, the physics results gathered, the motivation background, and future plans for the Constance II experiment are reviewed. Several improvements have been made and several experimental investigations have been completed. These include the construction/installation/testing of: (1) liquid-nitrogen cooled, Ioffe bars installed, (2) a diverter coil (3) the 100 kW ICRF generator, (4) the data acquisition system, and (5) the optimum hot-iron operation of the machine with Titanium and pulsed-gas plasma guns. Measurements were made of the density, temperature, and radius of the plasma. Ion-cyclotron fluctuations were observed, their bandwidth measured, and data collected demonstrating resonance heating. New X-ray diagnostics were designed and purchased, and progress on the Thomson scattering was made. Finally, a new hot cathode gun was designed and constructed
Atoms of None of the Elements Ionize While Atoms of Inert Behavior Split by Photonic Current
As studied, atoms deal with the positive or negative charge by losing or
gaining an electron. However, the gaseous and solid atoms can execute
interstate electron dynamics. They can also deal with transition states. Solid
atoms can elongate from the east-west poles at the ground surface level. Under
suitable energy, solid atoms can expand, and gaseous atoms can contract. When
the excessive field is intact, flowing inert gas atoms can split. The splitting
inert gas atoms convert into electron streams. Those electron streams carrying
the photons when impinging on the naturally-elongated solid atoms, further
elongation of the atoms takes place. If not, elongated atoms at least deform.
Gaseous atoms can squeeze by the suffering of their lattices. Such behaviors of
the atoms validate that they cannot ionize. On splitting the flowing inert gas
atoms, characteristics of the photons become apparent. Those photons that are
not carried by the electron streams can enter the air medium directly. On
traveling photons in the air medium, their energy dissipates in heat, and their
force confines in the form of a field. On confinement of the field of traveling
photons with the field of air-medium, a glow of light is appeared, which is
better known in plasma. The splitting of inert gas atoms, the carrying of
photons by the electron streams, and the lighting of traveling photons validate
that an electric current is photonic. In various microscopes, the magnification
of an image is based on the resolving power of photons. Photonic current is due
to the propagation of the photons in the structure of the interstate electron
gap. Some well-known principles are also discussed, validating that an electric
current is a photonic current. Indeed, this study brings about profound changes
in science
The sounds of the Little and Big Bangs
Studies of heavy ion collisions have discovered that tiny fireballs of new
phase of matter -- quark gluon plasma (QGP) -- undergoes explosion, called the
Little Bang. In spite of its small size, it is not only well described by
hydrodynamics, but even small perturbations on top of the explosion turned to
be well described by hydrodynamical sound modes. The cosmological Big Bang also
went through phase transitions, the QCD and electroweak ones, which are
expected to produce sounds as well. We discuss their subsequent evolution and
hypothetical inverse acoustic cascade, amplifying the amplitude. Ultimately,
collision of two sound waves leads to formation of gravity waves, with the
smallest wavelength. We briefly discuss how those can be detected.Comment: This paper is a short semi-popular review describing some recent
developments in two very different fields, united by some common physics. It
was written for the Universe journa
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