Paradigm Shift

This paper analyses the consequences of young researchers' scientifc choice on the dynamics of sciences. We develop a simple two state mean field game model to analyze the competition between two paradigms based on Kuhn's theory of scientifc revolutions. At the beginning of their career, young researchers choose the paradigm in which they want to work according to social and personal motivations. Despite the possibility of multiple equilibria the model exhibits at least one stable solution in which both paradigms always coexist. The occurrence of shocks on the parameters may induce the shift from one dominant paradigm to the other. During this shift, researchers' choice is proved to have a great impact on the evolution of sciences.Paradigm shift, Scienti c choice, Research dynamics, Mean eld game.

Paradigm Shift

This paper analyses the consequences of young researchers' scientifc choice on the dynamics of sciences. We develop a simple two state mean field game model to analyze the competition between two paradigms based on Kuhn's theory of scientifc revolutions. At the beginning of their career, young researchers choose the paradigm in which they want to work according to social and personal motivations. Despite the possibility of multiple equilibria the model exhibits at least one stable solution in which both paradigms always coexist. The occurrence of shocks on the parameters may induce the shift from one dominant paradigm to the other. During this shift, researchers' choice is proved to have a great impact on the evolution of sciences

Extra care housing: a paradigm shift

This paper sets out to investigate if and how a spatial typology for extra care housing (ECH) can be defined within the context of housing for older people in the UK. In particular, it focuses on the concept of domesticity in relation to the perception of public, semi-public and private domains. Four sheltered housing schemes that have been remodelled into ECH within the past four years, have been selected as case studies. The spatial distribution of various public, semi-public, and private domains of the pre-remodelled and remodelled schemes have been analyzed quantitatively and interpretively, to determine how their distribution might help bolster or undermine the ethos behind ECH. Likewise, the spatial layouts of the sheltered, as well as the extra care schemes have been analysed syntactically, to determine how different spatial morphologies and their probabilistic functions might begin to help define ECH as a new type of group housing for older people. The findings of the paper suggest that the extent to which the spatial configuration of a scheme affects one’s notions of self-containment and control, has a direct impact on whether the scheme performs as a building or as a settlement. It is furthermore argued that the more a scheme functions as a settlement, the less institutional it may feel. Thus, as a typology, a successful extra care scheme can be defined as a building that works as a settlement

Valuing ecosystem services: A new paradigm shift

The ways in which economists value natural resources has been, and continues to be, a constantly evolving process. At first, only transactions that took place in the marketplace were considered. However, it was not long until it was realised that this concept was an incomplete way to value natural resources and hence the concept of non-market valuation was introduced. These non-market valuation methodologies prevailed for about 50 or 60 years, but, at the present time, it is being realised that the current methodologies are incomplete and it is time for another new paradigm shift. The market and non-market valuation calculations currently used only include anthropocentric (human related) values and have omitted ecocentric ecosystem service values such as the pollination of crops that takes place by bees and flies. The question we are posed with now is how to calculate the true value for ecosystem services in given this new paradigm shift

Paradigm shift in determining Neoproterozoic atmospheric oxygen

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the Geological Survey of Australia for permission to sample the Empress 1A and Lancer 1 cores, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for financial support (grant #7961–15) of U. Brand, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China for support of F. Meng and P. Ni (grants 41473039 and 4151101015). We thank M. Lozon (Brock University) for drafting and constructing the figures. We thank the editor, Brendan Murphy, as well as three reviewers (Steve Kesler, Erik Sperling, and an anonymous reviewer), for improving the manuscript into its final form.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Topological carbon allotropes: paradigm shift for materials innovation

Topology is a central concept of mathematics, which allows us to distinguish two isolated rings with linked ones. In material science, researchers discovered topologically different carbon allotropes in a form of a cage, a tube, and a sheet, which have unique translational and rotational symmetries, described by a crystallographic group theory, and the atoms are arranged at specific rigid positions in 3-dimensional ($D$) space. However, topological orders must be robust against deformations, so that we can make completely different families of topological materials. Here we propose various topological structures such as knots and links using covalent $\sigma$ bonds of carbon atoms, while allowing various topologically equivalent arrangements using weak $\pi$ bonds. By extending this idea, we invented a new 3D carbon allotrope, Hopfene, which has periodic arrays of Hopf-links to knit horizontal Graphene sheets into vertical ones without connecting by $\sigma$ bonds.Comment: 19 pages, 14 figure

Mobile open social language learning: towards a paradigm shift

The authors have undertaken a combination of theoretical analysis together with reflection on a range of practical applications and explorations of mobile, social and open learning, over the years, leading them to the conclusion that a new language learning paradigm, Mobile Open Social Language Learning (MOSLL), is required. MOSLL is based upon the following axiom: In most societies today, characterized by permanent, ubiquitous and pervasive connectedness and mobility, language and learning and digital technology are no longer separate or discrete; they are simply and merely manifestations and aspects of the way things are now. The consequences of articulating this paradigm should be the formulation of the associated research agenda, the scholarly community and the foundational texts that are part of it. The authors have already started this process in the SWITCHED-ON project and other related work and projects