Are physical education policies working? A snapshot from San Francisco, 2011.

IntroductionSchool physical education (PE) has been identified as a critical public health tool to increase physical activity among youths. We sought to objectively assess compliance with PE quantity mandates and quality recommendations in a large urban California school district.MethodsWe collected PE schedules and systematically observed PE lessons (n=154) in 20 elementary, 4 middle, and 4 high schools from February through May 2011.ResultsOn the basis of schools' master schedules, 83% of elementary schools met the California state mandate of 100 PE minutes per week. Teachers' actual schedules indicated that 20% of schools met the mandate, and observation showed that only 5% were in compliance. All middle and high schools met the mandated 200 minutes per week. On average, classes at all school levels met the recommended 50% of PE lesson time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. No teacher- or school-level factors significantly predicted PE quantity, but credentialed elementary PE teachers spent more time building students' motor skills.ConclusionsOur results suggest that current national estimates of PE, which are based on schools' self-report, overestimate the amount of PE provided in elementary schools. Although more than half of PE class time was spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, total physical activity in elementary schools from PE is minimal and may do little to contribute to students' overall health

Isolated gestational proteinuria preceding the diagnosis of preeclampsia : an observational study

Introduction. Some pregnant women develop significant proteinuria in the absence of hypertension. However, clinical significance of isolated gestational proteinuria (IGP) is not well understood. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of IGP in singleton pregnancies and the proportion of women with IGP who subsequently developed preeclampsia (IGP-PE) among all PE cases. Material and methods. This was an observational study of 6819 women with singleton pregnancies at 12 centers, including 938 women with at least once determination of protein-to-creatinine ratio (P/Cr). Significant proteinuria in pregnancy (SPIP) was defined as P/Cr (mg/mg) level >0.27. IGP was defined as SPIP in the absence of hypertension. Gestational hypertension (GH) preceding preeclampsia (GH-PE) was defined as preeclampsia (PE) in which GH preceded SPIP. Simultaneous PE (S-PE) was defined as PE in which both SPIP and hypertension occurred simultaneously. Results. IGP and PE were diagnosed in 130 (1.9%) and 158 (2.3%) of 6819 women, respectively. Of 130 women with IGP, 32 (25%) progressed to PE and accounted for 20% of all women with PE. Hence, women with IGP had a relative risk of 13.1 (95% CI; 9.2-18.5) for developing PE compared with those without IGP [25% (32/130) vs. 1.9% (126/6689)]. At diagnosis of SPIP, P/Cr levels already exceeded 1.0 more often in women with S-PE than in those with IGP-PE [67% (33/49) vs. 44% (14/32), respectively, p = 0.031]. Conclusions. IGP is a risk factor for PE, and IGP-PE accounts for a considerable proportion (20%) of all PE

KADAR TNF-aIL-6 DAN APOPTOSIS TROFOBLAST PLASENTA Pada Preeklampsia-Eklampsia dan non Preklampsia-Eklampsia

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the relation among TNF-a -6 concentration/expression with placental tissue infarction and apoptosis between PE-E and non PE-E. Material and method: Research subjects were 35 subjects, composed of 17 non PE-E and 18 PE-E parturient that delivery or hospitalized on Department of OBGYN Dr. Kariadi General Hospital Semarang. The concentration/expression of TNF- -6 were measured from vein blood sample and placental tissue by ELISA and immunohystochemistry (IHC) method. Apoptosis area was measured by IHC with Acridine orange staining. Results: The average of infarction on normal subjects was 12.5%, however, on PE-E was 35.3% (p=0.001). The average of apoptosis on normal subjects was 32.3 %, however, on PE-E subjects were 71.0% (p=0.001). The average of placenta TNFpg/ mL, on PE-E was 2.0 pg/mL (p<0.001). The average of serum TNFnormal subjects was 2.3 pg/mL, on PE-E was 2.8 pg/mL (p<0.001). The average of placenta IL- 6 concentration of normal subjects was 0.6 pg/mL, on PE-E was 1.3 pg/mL (p<0.001). The average of serum IL-6 concentration of normal subjects was 1.4 pg/mL, on PE-E was 2.0 pg/mL (p<0.001). There were a significant correlation among TNF-a -6 serum and placenta with apoptosis of placenta. Conclusion: Proinflammatory cytokines concentration on serum and placenta extract of subjects with PE-E were significantly higher than non PE-E. There was a significant correlation between proinflammatory cytokines concentration on serum or placenta with apoptosis of placental tissue. Keywords: TNF-a , IL-6, infarct, apoptosis, placenta, preeclampsia, eclampsia

Co-oxidation kinetic model for the thermal oxidation of polyethylene-unsaturated substrate systems

The thermal oxidation of polyethylene (PE) impregnated by the methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids (UFEs) was studied using chemiluminescence, and infra-red spectrophotometry. It was shown that the presence of UFEs accelerates the PE aging process. This can be interpreted as a co-oxidation phenomenon. In this study, the previously established models for PE and UFEs self-oxidation have been coupled in order to develop a co-oxidation model. Using the existing rate constants for the PE and UFEs selfoxidations, this model can simulate the complex shape of the kinetic curves of PE-UFE co-oxidatio

Pulmonary embolism and mortality following total ankle replacement: a data linkage study using the NJR data set

OBJECTIVE: To determine the mortality rate following total ankle replacement (TAR) and incidence of 90 day pulmonary embolism (PE) along with the associated risk factors.  DESIGN: Data-linkage study of the UK National Joint Registry (NJR) data and Hospital Episodes Statistics (HES) database. Linkage was performed in a deterministic fashion. HES episodes 90 days after the index procedure were analysed for PE. Mortality data were obtained pertaining to all the index procedures from the NJR for analysis.  PARTICIPANTS: All primary and revision ankle replacement patients captured on the NJR between February 2008 and February 2013.  RESULTS: The 90-day mortality following TAR was 0.13% (95% CI 0.03 to 0.52) and 1-year mortality was 0.72% (95% CI 0.40 to 1.30); no deaths were as a result of PE. The incidence of PE within 90 days following primary TAR was 0.51% (95% CI 0.23 to 1.13). There was only one PE following revision surgery. Patients with an Royal College of Surgeons Charlson score greater than zero were at 13 times greater risk of PE (p=0.003).  CONCLUSIONS: There is low incidence of PE following TAR, but multiple comorbidities are a leading risk factor for its occurrence

Dysregulated placental microRNAs in Early and Late onset Preeclampsia

Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.INTRODUCTION: To determine the miRNA expression profile in placentas complicated by Preeclampsia (PE) and compare it to uncomplicated pregnancies. METHODS: Sixteen placentas from women with PE, [11 with early onset PE (EOPE) and 5 with late onset PE (LOPE)], as well as 8 placentas from uncomplicated pregnancies were analyzed using miRNA microarrays. For statistical analyses the MATLAB® simulation environment was applied. The over-expression of miR-518a-5p was verified using Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. RESULTS: Forty four miRNAs were found dysregulated in PE complicated placentas. Statistical analysis revealed that miR-431, miR-518a-5p and miR-124* were over-expressed in EOPE complicated placentas as compared to controls, whereas miR-544 and miR-3942 were down-regulated in EOPE. When comparing the miRNA expression profile in cases with PE and PE-growth restricted fetuses (FGR), miR-431 and miR-518a-5p were found over-expressed in pregnancies complicated by FGR. DISCUSSION: Since specific miRNAs can differentiate EOPE and LOPE from uncomplicated placentas, they may be considered as putative PE-specific biomarkers. MiR-518a-5p emerged as a potential diagnostic indicator for EOPE cases as well as for PE-FGR complicated placentas, indicating a potential link to the severity of the disease.Peer reviewe

Motivation in Physical Education Classes: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective

This paper presents a brief overview of empirical studies in school physical education (PE) that have employed SDT and, where relevant, proposes ideas for future research in this area. First, we review research on teachers’ interpersonal style and its relation to students’ motivation. Second, we discuss intervention studies aimed at optimizing teachers’ interactions with students. Third, we present an overview of findings suggesting that basic psychological needs and motivational regulations predict various cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes in PE. Finally, we provide practical recommendations for PE teachers drawing from initial intervention studies in PE

Amorphization of Vortex Matter and Reentrant Peak Effect in YBa2_2Cu3_3O7−δ_{7-\delta}

The peak effect (PE) has been observed in a twinned crystal of YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\delta}$ for H$\parallel$c in the low field range, close to the zero field superconducting transition temperature (T$_c$(0)) . A sharp depinning transition succeeds the peak temperature T$_p$ of the PE. The PE phenomenon broadens and its internal structure smoothens out as the field is increased or decreased beyond the interval between 250 Oe and 1000 Oe. Moreover, the PE could not be observed above 10 kOe and below 20 Oe. The locus of the T$_p$(H) values shows a reentrant characteristic with a nose like feature located at T$_p$(H)/T$_c$(0)$\approx$0.99 and H$\approx$100 Oe (where the FLL constant a$_0$$\approx$penetration depth $\lambda$). The upper part of the PE curve (0.5 kOe$<$H$<$10 kOe) can be fitted to a melting scenario with the Lindemann number c$_L$$\approx$0.25. The vortex phase diagram near T$_c$(0) determined from the characteristic features of the PE in YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\delta}$(H$\parallel$c) bears close resemblance to that in the 2H-NbSe$_2$ system, in which a reentrant PE had been observed earlier.Comment: 15 pages and 7 figure

Self-diffusion in sheared suspensions by dynamic simulation

The behaviour of the long-time self-diffusion tensor in concentrated colloidal dispersions is studied using dynamic simulation. The simulations are of a suspension of monodisperse Brownian hard spheres in simple shear flow as a function of the Péclet number, Pe, which measures the relative importance of shear and Brownian forces, and the volume fraction, [phi]. Here, Pe = &[gamma]dot;a^2/D0, where &[gamma]dot; is the shear rate, a the particle size and D0 = kT/6[pi][eta]a is the Stokes–Einstein diffusivity of an isolated particle of size a with thermal energy kT in a solvent of viscosity [eta]. Two simulations algorithms are used: Stokesian Dynamics for inclusion of the many-body hydrodynamic interactions, and Brownian Dynamics for suspensions without hydrodynamic interactions. A new procedure for obtaining high-quality diffusion data based on averaging the results of many short simulations is presented and utilized. At low shear rates, low Pe, Brownian diffusion due to a random walk process dominates and the characteristic scale for diffusion is the Stokes–Einstein diffusivity, D0. At zero Pe the diffusivity is found to be a decreasing function of [phi]. As Pe is slowly increased, O(Pe) and O(Pe^3/2) corrections to the diffusivity due to the flow are clearly seen in the Brownian Dynamics system in agreement with the theoretical results of Morris & Brady (1996). At large shear rates, large Pe, both systems exhibit diffusivities that grow linearly with the shear rate by the non-Brownian mechanism of shear-induced diffusion. In contrast to the behaviour at low Pe, this shear-induced diffusion mode is an increasing function of [phi]. Long-time rotational self-diffusivities are of interest in the Stokesian Dynamics system and show similar behaviour to their translational analogues. An off-diagonal long-time self-diffusivity, Dxy, is reported for both systems. Results for both the translational and rotational Dxy show a sign change from low Pe to high Pe due to different mechanisms in the two regimes. A physical explanation for the off-diagonal diffusivities is proposed